Tissue Stem Cells 1st Edition by Christopher Potten, Robert Clarke, James Wilson, Andrew Renehan ISBN 0824728998 978-1420051681

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ISBN 10: 0824728998
ISBN 13: 978-1420051681
Author: Christopher Potten, Robert Clarke, James Wilson, Andrew Renehan 

Tissue stem cells and their medical applications have become a major focus of research over the past decade. With 16 full-color illustrations, this reference provides a thorough and up-to-date overview of the current and emerging technologies for stem cell research and transplantation. Divided into three sections covering general issues, adult stem cells within specific tissues, and clinical applications, this source studies advances in bone marrow transplantation, cancer development modeling, tumor analysis, and gene therapy.

Tissue Stem Cells 1st Table of contents:

1 Mathematical Modeling of Stem Cells: A Complexity Primer for the Stem-Cell Biologist

Introduction

Simulating Ants

Simulating Populations: The Game of Life

Engineering Complex Systems: Robotic Rock Collection on Mars

Emergence

Computational Emergence

Emergence Relative to a Model

Thermodynamic Emergence

Complex Adaptive Systems with Multiple Interacting Agents

Modeling Stem Cells and Cell Lineages as Complex Adaptive Systems

A Simple Discrete Model of Stem Cells

Plasticity and Reversibility in Stem-Cell Properties

An Agent-Based Approach to Modeling Stem Cells

Ramifications for Current Thinking

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

2 Theoretical Concepts of Tissue Stem-Cell Organization

Introduction

Defining Tissue Stem Cells

Conceptual Challenges in Tissue Stem-Cell Biology

Predictive Theories and Quantitative Models

A New Perspective on Stem-Cell Systems

Modeling of the Dynamics of Clonal Competition in Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Spatio-Temporal Stem-Cell Organization

Conceptual Novelty and Achievements

Acknowledgment

References

3 Mechanisms of Genetic Fidelity in Mammalian Adult Stem Cells

Evolution of Mechanisms of Mammalian Tissue Cell Genetic Fidelity: The Needs of a Few

An Exact Definition for the Long-Lived Nature of ASCs

Mutagenesis Mechanisms in ASCs

Immortal DNA Strand Co-Segregation and a Carpenter’s Rule for Genetic Fidelity in ASCs

Implications of the Carpenter’s Rule for ASC Aging, Cell Kinetics, and DNA Repair Functions

Estimation of the Mutation-Avoidance Effect of an Immortal Dna Strand Mechanism in ASCs

Evidence for Immortal DNA Strand Co-Segregation in ASCs

Acknowledgments

References

4 Neural Stem Cells: Isolation and Self-Renewal

Introduction

In Vivo Localization of NSCs

What Are NSCs?

Identification and Isolation of NSCs

In Vivo Localization of NSCs

Control of the Self-Renewal and Differentiation of NSCs

Differentiation into Neurons and Differentiation into Astrocytes

Role of Notch Signaling in Deciding the Fate of NSCs

Self-Renewal and Long-Term Maintenance Mechanism of NSCs

Conclusion and Perspectives

References

5 Stem Cells in Mammary Epithelium

Introduction

Aging and Reproductive Senescence

In Vitro Studies

Mammary Stem-Cell Markers

Mammary Stem Cells in Carcinogenesis

Pregnancy and Breast Cancer Risk

Future Prospects

References

6 Lineage Tracking, Regulation, and Behaviors of Intestinal Stem Cells

Introduction

Intestinal Epithelium

Intestinal Stem Cell

Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Lineages

Stem-Cell Hierarchy

Asymmetric Division

Definition of the Stem-Cell Niche

Epithelial Component of the Stem-Cell Niche

Mesenchymal Component of the Stem-Cell Niche

Lineage Tracking as an Approach to Understanding the Stem-Cell Behavior

Unitarian Theory of Epithelial Cell Formation

Tracking Intestinal Lineages by BrdU or 3H–thymidine

Using an Epigenetic Event to Track Lineages Derived from the Stem Cell

Using Histological Markers to Track Epithelial Lineage

Transgenic Markers for Tracking Lineages

Tracking Changes in Mitochondrial DNA

Tracking Stem-Cell Fate Through Understanding What Regulates Their Proliferation and Differentiation

Wnt Signaling

Wnt Signaling in the Intestine

Wnt Signaling Influence on Stem Cells in Other Organs

Notch Signaling

Hedgehog Signaling

TGF-βBMP Signaling

Two Requirements for Defining the Stem-Cell Niche

Defining the Physical Stem-Cell Niche

Defining the Gradient of Proliferation to Differentiation Within the Stem-Cell Niche

Identifying Markers for Intestinal Stem Cells

A Candidate “Market” Approach

Taking Clues from Other Organ Systems

Transcriptional Profiling of the Stem Cell

Conclusion

References

7 Stem Cell Populations in Skin

Introduction

Emergence of Stem Cell Concepts in Skin Biology

Proliferative Hierarchical Organization of the Epidermis

Estimating Epidermal Stem Cell Frequency

Do Stem Cells Segregate Their Template DNA Strand—Supporting Evidence from Intestinal Epithelium?

Stem Cell Lineages and Locations

Hair Follicle KSCs

Bulge KSCs

Is the Hair Follicle Bulge Stem Cell Population the Source of All Epidermal Tissue Renewal?

Bulb/Matrix/Germinative Epidermal Stem Cells

KSCs of Interfollicular Epidermis

Enrichment and Isolation of KSCs

Unequivocal Identification of Markers for the Murine Hair Follicle Bulge Region

Enrichment and Identification of Human Epidermal Stem Cells via Surrogate Assays

Long-Term Epidermal Tissue Reconstitution as an Assay for KSC Activity

Do Keratinocytes Capable of Effluxing Hoechst 33342 Represent a Candidate Stem Cell Population?

Conclusion

References

8 A Perspective on In Vitro Clonogenic Keratinocytes: A Window into the Regulation of the Progenitor Cell Compartment of the Cutaneous Epithelium

Introduction

Cutaneous Epithelium as a Continually Renewing Tissue Containing in Vitro Clonogenic Keratinocytes

Stem Cells and Transit Amplifying Cells

The Stem-Cell Niche

Functional Evidence of Stem Cells in Epidermis and Hair Follicles

In Vitro Colony Formation by Freshly Harvested Keratinocytes

In Vitro Clonogenic Keratinocytes Co-sediment on Density Gradients with Other Aspects of Progenitor Activity

Slowly Cycling (Label-Retaining) Keratinocytes Behave Like Clonogenic Stem Cells In Vitro

Two Factors That Do Not Appear to Change the Number of In Vitro Clonogenic Keratinocytes

Normal Aging of Adult Mice

Skin Tumor Initiation

Several In Vivo Factors That Influence the Number of In Vitro Clonogenic KSCs

In Vivo Application of a Single Dose of TPA Induces a Transient Increase in the Number of In Vitro Clonogenic Keratinocytes

In Vivo Application of Multiple Treatments of TPA

The Number of In Vitro Clonogenic Keratinocytes Is a Function of Mouse Strain Differences

In Mice, Keratinocyte Colony Number is Genetically Defined and Quantitatively Complex

Keratinocyte Colony Size is also Genetically Defined

Summary

References

9 Hepatic Stem Cells and the Liver’s Maturational Lineages: Implications for Liver Biology, Gene Expression, and Cell Therapies

The Liver as a Maturational Lineage System

General Comments on Stem Cells

Hepatic Stem Cells

General Comments

Murine and Rodent Progenitors—Oval Cells, Progenitors in the Livers of Injury Models

Murine and Rodent Hepatic Stem Cells from Normal Hosts

The Stem-Cell Compartment of Human Livers

Contributions of the Stem-Cell Compartment in Liver Regeneration

The Stem-Cell Niche

Gene Expression

The Developing Liver and Genes Defining Hepatic Fates

Gene Expression in Cells in Liver Injury Models

Genes Associated with Normal Hepatic Stem Cells, Hepatoblasts, and Committed Progenitors

Regulators of Cell Cycle and Cytokinesis

Markers for Which There Is Debate About Their Existence on Hepatic Stem Cells

Reconstitution of Liver by Cell Transplantation

Animal Models

Hepatic Stem Cells and Hepatoblasts

Transplantation of Precursors from Sources Other than Liver

Method of Inoculation of Parenchymal Cells

Liver Cell Therapies—Clinical Programs

Introduction

Liver Cell Therapies Using Liver Assistance Devices (Bioartificial Organs)

Liver Cell Therapies Using Injection or Implantation of Cells

Cell Sources

Strategies for Patients

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

10 Multistage Carcinogenesis: From Intestinal Stem Cell to Colon Cancer in the Population

Introduction

A Biologically Based Multistage Model for Colon Cancer

The Two-Stage Clonal Expansion Model

Temporal Trends

Adenomatous Polyps—Observations and Model Predictions

Summary

References

11 Intestinal Stem Cells and the Development of Colorectal Neoplasia

Introduction

Basic Structure and Function of the Intestinal Crypt

Basic Cell Kinetics and Topography

Apoptotic Activity in the Intestinal Crypt

Problems in Defining Intestinal Stem Cells

Stem-Cell Location and Number

The Intestinal Stem-Cell Niche

Novel Intestinal Stem-Cell Markers

Stem-Cell Hierarchy

Spatial Considerations for Intestinal Stem-Cell Populations

Crypt Clonality

Intestinal Stem-Cell Repertoire

Evidence for Pluripotentiality

Crypts Grow by Fission

The Concept of Stemness and “Immortal” DNA Strands

Molecular Regulation of Normal Intestinal Crypt Homeostasis

Wnt / β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway and Control of Cell Proliferation

Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway and Control of Cell Migration

Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway and Control of Cell Fate Specification

Wnt / β-Catenin Pathway and Control of Apoptosis

BMP/SMAD4 Pathway

Other Molecular Regulators

The Stem-Cell Molecular Signature

Early Molecular Events in Colorectal Tumorigenesis

Intestinal Stem Cells and the Origin Of Colorectal Cancer

Caveat to the Monoclonal Theory of Human Colorectal Tumors

Colorectal Tumor Morphogenesis

Top-Down Morphogenesis

Bottom-Up Morphogenesis

Clinical Implications and Future Directions

Bone Marrow–Derived Cells and Intestinal Cancer Development

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

12 Stem Cells in Neurodegeneration and Injury

Introduction

Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Neural Stem Cells—Fetal and Adult

Stem Cells from Non-neural Tissues

Bone Marrow

Wharton’s Jelly Cells of the Umbilical Cord

Differentiation Potential of Stem Cells

Embryonic, Fetal, or Adult Stem Cells?

Embryonic Stem Cells

Neural Stem Cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

The Use of Stem Cells in Brain Disease and Injury

Parkinson’s Disease

Huntington’s Disease

Ischemic Stroke

Traumatic Brain Injury

Multiple Sclerosis

Alzheimer’s Disease

Brain Tumors

Pediatric CNS Disorders

Other Considerations

Endogenous Repair

Differentiation, Migration, and Integration of Donor Stem Cells

Graft Survival

Possible Mechanisms of Benefit from Stem-Cell Therapy

Future Perspectives

References

13 Adult Stem Cells and Gene Therapy

Introduction

Adult Stem Cells for Gene Therapy

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Skin Stem Cells

Marrow Stromal Cells

Gene Delivery

Delivery Systems

Nonviral Systems

Viral Systems

Modality of Delivery—In Vivo Versus Ex Vivo

Hurdles to Stem-Cell Gene Therapy

Inefficient Stem-Cell Transduction

Insertional Mutagenesis

Transgene Expression

Immune Response

Conclusion

References

14 Clinical Applications of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Introduction

Clinical Use of HSCs in Transplantation

Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation

General Issues in Clinical Application of Autologous Transplantation

Stem-Cell Source

In Vitro Purging of Autologous HSCs

ASCT: Malignant Diseases

Autologous Transplantation in AML

Auto Bone Marrow Transplant vs. Chemotherapy in Adult AML

Critical Analysis

Risk Stratification in AML

Transplantation in Second Remission and Relapsed AML

Autologous Transplantation in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Autologous Transplantation in High-Grade Diffuse Large B-NHL

Autologous Transplantation in Low-Grade Follicular Lymphoma

In Vitro and In Vivo Purging in the Setting of Low-Grade NHL

Autologous Transplantation in Hodgkin’s Disease

Autologous Transplantation in CLL

Autologous Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma

Tandem Autologous Transplants in MM

ASCT: Nonmalignant Diseases

Autologous Transplantation in Primary Systemic Amyloidosis

Transplantation for Severe Autoimmune Disorders

Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation

General Overview

General Principles in Clinical Practice of ASCT

The GVL Effect

Donor Leucocyte Infusions

Nonmyeloablative Regimens

Graft Versus Host Disease

Specific Clinical Indications for Allogeneic Transplant

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Haploidentical Transplantation in AML

Allogeneic SCT in ALL

Allogeneic SCT in Diffuse High-Grade B-Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Allogeneic SCT in Low-Grade Follicular NHL

Allogeneic SCT in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Allogeneic SCT in CLL

Allogeneic SCT in MM

Allogeneic SCT in CML

Reduced Intensity Allogeneic Transplants in CML

Allogeneic SCT in MDS

Allogeneic SCT in Myeloproliferative Disorders

Allogeneic SCT in Severe Aplastic Anemia

Cord Blood Transplantation

General Overview

Clinical Results for CBT

Related Donor CBT

Unrelated Donor CBT

Ex Vivo Expansion

Transplantation of Two CB Units

Future Developments

Gene Therapy

Stem-Cell Therapy for Cardiac Repair

Stem-Cell Therapy in Neurological Repair

Evidence for the Use of HSC in Neurological Repair

Neural Stem Cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

MSC in Treatment of OI

Immunomodulatory Function of MSC

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Tags: Christopher Potten, Robert Clarke, James Wilson, Andrew Renehan, Tissue Stem Cells