Landscape and Sustainability 1st Edition by John Benson, Maggie Roe ISBN 0419250808 978-0419250807

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ISBN 10: 0419250808
ISBN 13: 978-0419250807
Author: John Benson, Maggie Roe

This unique book is about landscape, sustainability and the practices of the professions which plan, design and manage landscapes at many scales and in many locations; urban, suburban and rural. Despite the ubiquity of ‘sustainability’ as a concept, this is the first book to address the relationship between landscape architecture and sustainability in a comprehensive way.
Much in the book is underpinned by landscape ecology, in contrast to the idea of landscape as only appealing to the eye or aspiring cerebrally to be fine art. As this book argues, landscape is and must be much more than this; landscape architecture is about making places which are biologically wholesome, socially just and spiritually rewarding.

Landscape and Sustainability 1st Table of contents:

1 The Scale and Scope of Landscape and Sustainability

Introduction

Landscape and the Scope of Landscape Architecture

Sustainability and the Scope of Sustainable Development

The End of the Beginning

References

2 The Ethics of Sustainability

Environmental Ethics

Homocentric Ethics

Non-Anthropocentric Ethics

Biocentric ethics

Ecocentric ethics

Deep ecology

Overview

Sustainability

Environmental sustainability

Sustainable growth and yield

Sustainable development

Intergenerational justice

Economic, political and social dimensions

The Role of the Profession of Landscape Architecture

Accommodation

Landscape architecture and ecology

The ecological approach

New technologies, new aesthetics

Regenerative design

Irreversible actions

Social dimensions

New aesthetics

Sustainability and the profession

References

3 The Landscape of Sustainable Economics

Introduction

Neo-Classical Economics, Landscape and Sustainability

Strict Sustainability and the Land Resource

Intolerable Costs

Costing intolerability

Selective and not-quite-strict sustainability

Quasi-Strict Sustainability, Restoration and Replacement

Restoration

Replacement

Sustaining Aggregate Capital

The Natural Resource Constraint

Sustaining virtual landscape

Compensation in something-close-to kind?

Sustainable Willingness to Pay?

Purchase?

Hedonic pricing

Contingent valuation

The new way

Compensation – trading with any old thing

Sustaining Equivalent Values

Discounting and the Road to Metaphorical Sustainability

Growth of the compensation fund

Limitations

The equity counter-argument

Time preference

Sustaining the Status Quo

Conclusion

References

4 The Social Dimensions of Landscape Sustainability

Introduction

The Changing State of Communities and their Landscapes

Theme 1: Social Structure

Democracy and sustainable landscapes

Concepts of community and community participation

Empowerment

Landscape, exclusion and social justice

Communities and decision making

Future potential: the development of integrated and responsive structures

Theme 2: Social Learning

Rights and responsibilities

Volunteering and citizenship

Building social capital

Cultural diversity, identity and character

Empowerment and changing perceptions: sustainability and the city

Behaviour, attitude and lifestyle

Building integrated thinking: community projects, funding bodies and regeneration

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Notes

References

5 International Policies and Landscape Protection

Introduction

Landscape: A Unifying Concept

The World Heritage Convention and Cultural Landscapes

IUCN, Protected Areas and Protected Landscapes

Landscapes and Europe

Towards the Development of a European Landscapes Convention

The Draft European Landscape Convention1

National Level Action Under the Draft Convention

International Level Action Under the Draft Convention

Implications for the UK

Conclusion: Messages for US in the UK

Endnotes

References

6 Landscape Sustainability at the National and Regional Scales

Introduction

The Nature of National and Regional Sustainability: A Brief Résumé

Comprehending Regional and National Landscapes

Planning Regional and National Landscapes

Landscapes within Regional and National Sustainability Strategies

Conclusion

References

7 Landscape Planning at the Regional Scale

Introduction

Greening the North West: A Regional Landscape Strategy

Regional context

Approach to the work

Reflections on the North West Landscape Strategy

The New Framework for Landscape Planning at the Regional Scale

Regional Landscape Planning and Sustainability

Conclusion

References

8 Managing Whole Landscapes in the Post-Productive Rural Environment

Introduction

General Principles of whole Landscape Management in Regions of Food and Fibre Production

Engines of Change in the Rural Environment: Agriculture, Forestry and the Productivist Tradition

The Post-Productivist Transition: From Concept, to Policy, to Landscape Outcomes

Agriculture

The development of agri-environmental policy

Forestry

The development of the multi-purpose forest concept, and community forests

Indicative forestry strategies: whole landscape planning by the back door?

Organic farming: landscape implications of low-input, extensive agriculture

Raising the Scale: From Sites to Landscapes

Visioning future landscapes

Landownership and management issues

Conclusion

References

9 Landscape Planning and City Form

Introduction

Relative Sustainability

Landform Plans

Water Plans

Dunfermline East expansion

Swedish sustainable water projects

The Earth Centre, Doncaster

Vegetation Plans

Eco-Building Plans

Greening Methods in Practice

Block 103, Kreuzberg, Berlin

Wegsfeldhof, Hanover

Sustainable Land-Use Plans

Case study: Greenwich Peninsula

Greenwich Peninsula: landform planning

Greenwich Peninsula: water planning

Greenwich Peninsula: vegetation planning

Greenwich Peninsula: Planning for eco-building

Conclusion

References

10 Resources: The Raw Materials of Landscape

Introduction

Sustainable Landscape Planting: Harnessing Natural Processes

The contribution of vegetation to sustainable landscapes

Key principles of sustainable landscape planting

Creating sustainable landscape planting: plant selection and planting

Manipulation of site conditions: traditional plantings versus sustainable plantings

Vegetation Strategies

Non-planting techniques

Specification of plant material

Seed

Plant material

Native and exotic species selection

Genetically modified plants

Provenance of plant material and local genetic diversity

Planting Design

Hard Materials

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental labelling

Guidelines towards more Sustainable Design Solutions

Efficient use of materials

Designing for re-use (exit strategies)

Selecting materials, which have the least environmental impact: re-use of materials

Recycling of materials

Selection of new materials

Conclusion

References

11 Sustainable Landscape Design in Practice

Introduction

Case Study 1: The Earth Centre

Design philosophy and layout

Access

Sustainability design brief

Materials and resources

Procurement

Implementation

Conclusion

Case Study 2: Center Parcs

Concept and design guidelines

Development phase

Biodiversity Action Initiative

Continuing design and management

Conclusion

Case Study 3: Meanwhile Gardens

Concept development

Community involvement

Access

Materials

Conclusion

Case Study 4: Oostvaardersplassen

History of development

Hydrology

Grazing

Access

Sustainable landscape design at Oostvaardersplassen

Conclusion

Concluding Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

12 The Community and the Landscape Professional

Introduction

Processes for Landscape Change – The Landscape Professional and Community Input

New Roles

Consultants as ‘community builders’

New Expertise

New Techniques: The Toolbox

The Practitioner and the Community

Issues for the practitioner

Issues for communities: problems from within

Issues for communities: problems from outside

Efficacy of present methods: assessment and measurement

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

13 Sustainable Landscape Management

Introduction – The Relationship of Landscape Management to Design

Sustainability and landscape management

Managing Landscapes Sustainably

Inputs, outputs and protection of resources

Agrochemicals

Machinery, energy, labour and costs

Energy, labour and time in landscape management

Water

Waste management

Soils and soil additives

How much management does a landscape need?

Do ecological styles of landscape require less inputs?

Cost savings

Managing Sustainable Landscapes

Enhancing the role of people in landscape management

Management in a changing world

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

14 Visions of Sustainability

Introduction

Theory and Stories in the Age of the Postmodern Narrative

Coding Visions into Stories

Sight and insight

Hubris and anthropocentrism

Perceiving significant patterns

The Fairy Path

Language as Infrastructure, Landscape as Infrastructure

Language, Vision, and Stories – A Conclusion and a Beginning

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