Xenopus Development 1st Edition by Malgorzata Kloc, Jacek Kubiak ISBN 1118492811 978-1118492819

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ISBN 10: 1118492811
ISBN 13: 978-1118492819
Author: Malgorzata Kloc, Jacek Kubiak

Frogs from the genus Xenopus have long been used as model organisms in basic and biomedical research. These frogs have helped unlock key fundamental developmental and cellular processes that have led to important scientific breakthroughs and have had practical application in embryology, cancer research and regenerative medicine. Xenopus Development is a vital resource on the biology and development of these key model organisms, and will be a great tool to researchers using these frogs in  various disciplines of biological science.

Xenopus Development is divided into four sections, the first three highlight key processes in Xenopus development from embryo to metamophosis. These sections focus on the cellular processes, organogenesis and embryo development. The final section highlights novel techniques and approaches being used in Xenopus research.

Providing thorough and detailed coverage, Xenopus Development, will be a timely and welcome volume for those working in cell and molecular biology, genetics, developmental biology and biomedical research.

• Provides broad overview of the developmental biology of both Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis
• Explores cellular to systems development in key biomedical model organisms
• Timely synthesis of the field of Xenopus biology
• Highlights key biomedical and basic biological findings unlocked by Xenopus

 

Xenopus Development 1st table of contents:

Section I: Oocyte and Early Embryo

1 Transcription in the Xenopus Oocyte Nucleus

Introduction

LBC structure: The standard model

Chromomeres and loops

Transcription on LBC loops

Transcripts produced during oogenesis

In situ hybridization of nascent transcripts on individual LBC loops

Appendix

Acknowledgments

References

2 RNA Localization during Oogenesis in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus oocytes as a model system for exploring RNA localization

Cis-elements and the role of short repeated motifs

Proteins, RNAs, and the endoplasmic reticulum

Mechanism(s) for RNA localization to the vegetal cortex

Looking toward the future

References

3 From Oocyte to Fertilizable Egg

Mechanisms of mRNA translational control: Global versus selective targeting

Sequestration of maternal mRNA contributes to control of gene expression during Xenopus oogenesis

Future perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

4 Polarity of Xenopus Oocytes and Early Embryos

Oocyte polarity and embryonic axes

Development of A–V polarity during oogenesis

Vegetal hemisphere maternal factors

Vegetal cortex

Animal hemisphere maternal factors

Asymmetry of inorganic maternal factors

Maternal determination of planar and basolateral polarity and L–R asymmetry

Conclusions

References

5 Germ-Cell Specification in Xenopus

Background

Formation of the Xenopus germline

Molecular components of germ plasm

Do chromatin modifications play a role in Xenopus PGC specification?

Concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Section II: Midblastula Transition, Gastrulation, and Neurulation

6 The Xenopus Embryo as a Model System to Study Asymmetric Furrowing in Vertebrate Epithelial Cells

Introduction

MELK is a cell cycle-regulated kinase involved in development and cancer

MELK in Xenopus laevis embryo cytokinesis

Asymmetric furrowing is a mode of cytokinesis conserved throughout evolution

The Xenopus embryo as a model system to analyze asymmetric furrowing

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

7 Induction and Differentiation of the Xenopus Ciliated Embryonic Epidermis

Introduction

Nonneural ectoderm specification

Ontogeny of the mucociliary epithelium

Perspectives and outstanding questions

Concluding remarks

References

8 Wnt Signaling during Early Xenopus Development

Introduction

Wnt “canonical” and “noncanonical” pathways: Complexity and uncertainties

Major processes regulated by Wnts during early Xenopus development

Wnt signaling at postgastrula stages

References

9 Neural Tube Closure in Xenopus

Introduction

Narrowing and elongation of the neural plate

Cell-shape changes causing neural tube morphogenesis

Complete tube closure assisted by nonneural ectoderm

References

Section III: Metamorphosis and Organogenesis

10 Primordial Germ Cell Migration

References

11 Development of Gonads, Sex Determination, and Sex Reversal in Xenopus

Origin and structure of undifferentiated gonad

Sexual differentiation of the gonads

Development of testis

Spermatogenesis

Development of ovary

Sex determination

Sex reversal

Conclusions

References

12 The Xenopus Pronephros

Introduction

Xenopus embryonic kidney development

Xenopus as a model of disease and regeneration

Modulation of gene expression

Imaging

Screens

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

13 Development of Neural Tissues in Xenopus laevis

Introduction

Xenopus as a model system of neural development

Neural specification

Formation of the anterior–posterior axis

Neurulation and dorsal–ventral patterning

Neural plate border specification and neural crest induction

Neural crest delamination and migration

Molecular regulation of neurogenesis

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

14 The Development of the Immune System in Xenopus

Introduction

The establishment of innate immunity components during Xenopus ontogeny

The establishment of the adaptive immune system components

Selection of T and B cell repertoires

Immunity during ontogeny

Immunological issues at metamorphosis

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

15 Neural Regeneration in Xenopus Tadpoles during Metamorphosis

Spinal cord regeneration

Lens regeneration

Neural retina regeneration

Optic nerve regeneration

Role of neural regeneration during tail regeneration

Role of neural regeneration during limb regeneration

Telencephalon and mesencephalon regeneration

Summary and future perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Section IV: Novel Techniques and Approaches

16 Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of Xenopus laevis Oocyte Plasma Membrane

Introduction

Atomic force microscopy

Sample preparation protocols for AFM imaging of Xenopus laevis oocyte plasma membrane

AFM imaging of Xenopus laevis oocyte plasma membrane

Conclusions and future perspectives

References

17 Size Scaling of Subcellular Organelles and Structures in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis

Introduction to organelle scaling

Xenopus interspecies scaling

Advantages of studying two closely related Xenopus species

Interspecies nuclear scaling

Interspecies mitotic spindle scaling

Interspecies mitotic chromosome scaling

Techniques: X. tropicalis egg extracts

Xenopus developmental scaling

Developmental nuclear scaling

Developmental mitotic spindle scaling

Developmental mitotic chromosome scaling

Techniques: Xenopus embryo extracts

Functions of organelle scaling

Future directions

Acknowledgments

References

18 A Model for Retinal Regeneration in Xenopus

Xenopus as a model animal for the study of retinal regeneration

X. laevis: A new animal model of retinal regeneration

Culture models for the study of X. laevis retinal regeneration

A transgenic approach to retinal regeneration

X. tropicalis: A novel animal model for retinal regeneration

A hypothetical model for retinal regeneration and future perspectives on retinal regeneration studies

Acknowledgments

References

19 The Xenopus Model for Regeneration Research

Introduction

Xenopus tadpole tail regeneration

Xenopus limb as a model for stimulating regeneration

Lens regeneration

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

20 Genomics and Genome Engineering in Xenopus

Introduction

Xenopus genomics

Xenopus genome engineering

Acknowledgments

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Tags: Malgorzata Kloc, Jacek Kubiak, Xenopus Development