Biological and Cultural Bases of Human Inference 1st Edition by Riccardo Viale ISBN 1134812776 9781134812776

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ISBN 10: 1134812776
ISBN 13: 9781134812776
Author: Riccardo Viale

Biological and Cultural Bases of Human Inference addresses the interface between social science and cognitive science. In this volume, Viale and colleagues explore which human social cognitive powers evolve naturally and which are influenced by culture. Updating the debate between innatism and culturalism regarding human cognitive abilities, this book represents a much-needed articulation of these diverse bases of cognition.
 
Chapters throughout the book provide social science and philosophical reflections, in addition to the perspective of evolutionary theory and the central assumptions of cognitive science. The overall approach of the text is based on three complementary levels: adult performance, cognitive development, and cultural history and prehistory. Scholars from several disciplines contribute to this volume, including researchers in cognitive, developmental, social and evolutionary psychology, neuropsychology, cognitive anthropology, epistemology, and philosophy of mind.
 
This contemporary, important collection appeals to researchers in the fields of cognitive, social, developmental, and evolutionary psychology and will prove valuable to researchers in the decision sciences.

Biological and Cultural Bases of Human Inference 1st Table of contents:

1 Cognitive Development, Culture, and Inductive Judgment

Two Views of Intellectual Development

The Child as Scientist

Evidential Diversity

Reaction to the Experimental Data

A Probability Principle

Assessing Conformity To Ppp

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

2 Culture and Point of View

Cognitive Differences

Causal Attribution and Prediction

Logic Versus Dialectics

Categorization

Attention and Perception Differences

Detection of Covariation

Field Dependence: Difficulty in Separating an Object From Its Surroundings

Attention to the Field

Change Blindness

“Affordances” in the Environment

Aesthetics East and West

Change Versus Stability

Perception of Everyday Life Events

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

3 Cultural Variation in Reasoning

Study 1: Rule- Versus Exemplar-Based Category Learning

Study 2: Rule- Versus Family-Resemblance-Based Classification And Similarity Judgments

STUDY 3: Conceptual Structure Based On Logic Versus Typicality

Study 4: Logic Versus Belief In Deductive Reasoning

General Discussion

Conclusion: Cultural Variations In Reasoning

Acknowledgments

References

4 Thinking About Biology: Modular Constraints on Categorization and Reasoning in the Everyday Life of Americans, Maya, and Scientists

Four Points Of General Correspondence Between Folk Biology And Scientific Systematics

First Point

Second Point

Third Point

Fourth Point

Folk Biology Does Not Come From Folk Psychology: Experiment 1

Childhood Conceptions Of Species Essences: Experiment 2

Summary

Essence (Generic Species) Versus Appearance (Basic Levels) In Folk Biology: Experiment 3

Cultural And Expertise Effects In Taxonomic Inference

The General-Purpose Nature Of Folk-Biological Taxonomy

Science And Common Sense

Conclusion: Cultural Emergence In An Evolutionary Landscape

Acknowledgments

References

5 Who Needs a Theory of Mind?

Explaining People And Their Actions

Cognitive Architecture And Modes Of Construal

The “Natural” Objects of Intentions

Does The Autistic Child Have A Theory Of Society?

The Robustness Of Group Identity

The Invisibility of Groups

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

6 Framing and the Theory-Simulation Controversy: Predicting People’s Decisions

Theory Theory Versus Simulation Theory

A Brief History Of The Theory-Simulation Controversy: Two Important Points

The Framing Effect

The Method To Decide

Experiment 1: Payoff Size — A Case of Theory

Experiment 2: The Framing Effect—A Case of Simulation

Evaluation Of Experimental Results

Making Simulation Theory Testable

Acknowledgments

References

7 An Evolutionary Perspective on Testimony and Argumentation

Testimony

Argumentation

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

8 Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions

Intuition-Driven Romanticism And The Normativity Problem

Epistemic Romanticism and Intuition-Driven Romanticism

The Normativity Problem

Cultural Variation In Epistemic Intuitions

Nisbett and Haidt: Some Suggestive Evidence

Four Hypotheses

Some Experiments Exploring Cultural Variation in Epistemic Intuitions

Objections and Replies

What Is So Bad About Epistemic Relativism?

There Are Several Senses of Knowledge

The Effect Size We Found Is Small and Philosophically Uninteresting

We Are Looking at the Wrong Sort of Intuitions; The Right Sort Are Accompanied by a Clear Sense of Necessity

We Are Looking at the Wrong Sort of Intuitions; The Right Sort Require at Least a Modicum of Reflection

We Are Looking at the Wrong Sort of Intuitions; The Right Sort Are Those That Emerge After an Extended Period of Discussion and Reflection

Acknowledgments

References

Appendix

9 Probabilistic Reasoning and Natural Language

The Use And Understanding Of Conditional Probability

A Pragmatics Perspective: The Partitive Hypothesis

The Process of Estimating the Ratio Between Favorable and Possible Cases

Pragmatic Analysis Of The Problem

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