Counseling Theory Guiding Reflective Practice 1st Edition by Richard Parsons, Naijian Zhang ISBN 1452244650 ‎ 978-1452244655

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ISBN 10: 1452244650
ISBN 13:‎ 978-1452244655
Author: Richard Parsons, Naijian Zhang 

Organized around the latest CACREP standards, Counseling Theory: Guiding Reflective Practice, by Richard D. Parsons and Naijian Zhang, presents theory as an essential component to both counselor identity formation and professional practice. Drawing on the contributions of current practitioners, the text uses both classical and cutting-edge theoretical models of change as lenses for processing client information and developing case conceptualizations and intervention plans. Each chapter provides a snapshot of a particular theory/approach and the major thinkers associated with each theory as well as case illustrations and guided practice exercises to help readers internalize the content presented and apply it to their own development as counselors.

Counseling Theory Guiding Reflective Practice 1st Table of contents:

SECTION I: THE VALUE OF THEORY TO REFLECTIVE PRACTICE

1 Theory and the Reflective Practitioner

Counseling Theory in Context

Theory

Precision and Testability

Empirical Validity and Stimulation

Parsimony

Practicality/Utility

Theory: Guiding Practice Decisions and Serving Ethical Practice

Case Illustration 1.1: What’s It All About?

Organizing Data

Case Illustration 1.2: Anthony—Ants in His Pants?

Exercise 1.1: Why Did I Do That?

Providing Direction

Case Illustration 1.3: What to Do?

Marking Progress

Supporting Ethical Practice

Welfare of Those Served by Counselors

Developmental and Cultural Sensitivity

Informed Consent

Monitor Effectiveness

Boundaries of Competence

Theory–Research Connection

Theory: An Essential Component of a Counselor’s Professional Identity

Exercise 1.2: Theory–Professional Identity Connection

Ideal to Real: Constraints Guiding Selection and Implementation of Theory

Realities of the Workplace

Financial Realities

Diversity

A Gift and a Challenge

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

2 Multicultural Considerations: Within and Beyond Traditional Counseling Theories

Development and Evolution of Multicultural Counseling

Historical Development of Multicultural Counseling: 1960s to 1990s

Recent Development of Multicultural Counseling in the New Century

Multicultural Counseling Competence: Enriching Counselor Professional Identity

The Tripartite Model of MCC and Its Revisions

Requirements of Multicultural Training in CACREP Standards

Multiculturalism: A Core Element to Counseling Practice

Focusing on Specific Components

Case Illustration 2.1 The Case of Mara

Internationalizing Multiculturalism

Increasing Supervision, Practicum, and Internship Experience in Multicultural Counseling

Multicultural Considerations Within Traditional Counseling Theories

Multicultural Considerations Within Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories

Case Illustration 2.2 The Case of John

Multicultural Considerations Within Cognitive-Behavioral Theories

Case Illustration 2.3 The Case of Liu

Multicultural Considerations Within Humanistic Approaches

Multicultural Considerations Beyond Traditional Counseling Theories

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Models

Acculturation Models

Integrative Model of Cross-Cultural Counseling and Cultural Accommodation

Working With Y-Chun From a Multicultural Perspective

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

3 Case Conceptualization: The Case of Y-Chun

Case Conceptualization

Case Illustration 3.1: I Lost My Library Card

The Process

Data Collection

Organization of Data

Case Illustration 3.2: Rosie and the Failed Relationships

Finding Meaning

Not So Easy

Case Illustration 3.3: “Because I Screamed”

Theory Guiding Case Conceptualization

Case Illustration 3.4: The Case of W. J.

Case Conceptualization Across Theories

Symptoms and Problems

Precipitating Stressors

Predisposing Events and Conditions

Inferred Mechanisms

Case Illustration 3.5: Alicia

The Case of Y-Chun: A Case Through Many Lenses

Exercise 3.1: Initial Case Conceptualization

Exercise 3.2: Posttest Case Conceptualization

The Client: Y-Chun

Five Minutes Into the Intake Session

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

References

SECTION II: THEORIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

4 Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory

Introduction

Historical Background: A Profile of Sigmund Freud

Areas of Development

Overview of Psychoanalysis

View of Human Nature

Basic Characteristics and Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory

Case Illustration 4.1

The Structure of Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego

Exercise 4.1

Use With Diverse Populations and Children

Exercise 4.2

Research, Intervention, and Supportive Evidence

Limitations

Professional Identity

Case Illustration 4.2

Therapeutic Process and Application

Psychoanalytic Techniques

Exercise 4.3

Ethical Considerations

Counselor–Client Relationship

Theory-Guided Case Conceptualization

Therapeutic Goals

Intervention and the Change Process

Assessment

Y-Chun: Through the Lens of a Psychoanalytic Counselor

Focus and Intentionality: A Consultation Model

The Initial Steps in the Consultation

The Middle Steps in the Consultation

The Last Step in the Consultation

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

5 Individual Psychology: Alfred Adler

Introduction

Historical Background

Areas of Development

Overview of Individual Psychology

Individual Psychology

View of Human Nature

Free Will

Case Illustration 5.1: Michelle

Social Interest

Inferiority Versus Superiority

Case Illustration 5.2: Continuing With Michelle

Style of Life

Case Illustration 5.3: Michelle’s Feelings of Inferiority

Purposeful Behavior

Fictional Finalism

Subjective Perception of Reality

Early Memories

Dreams

Basic Characteristics and Assumptions

The Role of the Family

Birth Order

Life Tasks

Task of Love

Task of Community

Task of Work

Use With Diverse Populations and Children

Strengths and Limitations

Professional Identity

The Therapeutic Process and Applications

Change Process

Exercise 5.1

Case Illustration 5.4: Cynthia

Assessment Strategies

Focus and Intentionality: Applying the Theory in Early, Middle, and Late Sessions

Exercise 5.2

Case Illustration 5.5: Increasing Client Awareness

Exercise 5.3

Interventions

Catching Oneself

Early Childhood Recollections

Exercise 5.4

Spitting in the Client’s Soup

The Question

Acting as If

Dream Analysis

Paradoxical Intention

Task Setting

Consequences

Modeling

Y-Chun Through the Lens of Adlerian Theory

Building a Collaborative Relationship

Investigating the Lifestyle

Gaining Insight

Reorientation

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

6 Existential Counseling and Psychotherapy

Profile of Main Figures

Victor Frankl (1905–1997)

Rollo May (1909–1994)

Introduction

Foundation as a Philosophy

Exercise 6.1: Being, or Dasein

From a Philosophy to a Counseling Approach

Victor Frankl’s Logotherapy

Rollo May’s Existential Therapy

Case Illustration 6.1: Evelyn

Case Illustration 6.2: Michael

Exercise 6.2: Five Types of Love

Areas of Development: Recent Trends in Existentialism

Professional Identity in Existentialism

How Existentialism Differs

Strengths and Limitations

Strengths

Limitations

Ethical Considerations

Research Supporting Theoretical Constructs and Interventions

Use With Diverse Populations and Children

Diversity

Children

Existential Psychotherapy Process and Applications

Therapeutic Goals in Phase 1: Cultivation of the Relationship

Change Process in Phase 2: Authenticity and Self-Exploration

Change Process Later in Phase 2: Authenticity and Self-Exploration

Change Process in Phase 3: Actualizing Life Meanings in the World

Interventions

Promoting Client Courage

Exercise 6.3: Constructing a Strengths Inventory

Using the Expressive Arts in Counseling

Y-Chun Through the Lens of Existential Psychotherapy

Phase 1: Cultivation of Presence and the Authentic Relationship

Phase 2: Authenticity and Self-Exploration

Early in Phase 2

Later in Phase 2

Phase 3: Actualizing Life Meanings in the World

Keystones

Additional Resources

References

7 Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Counseling

Introduction

Profile of Carl R. Rogers

Historical Background

Areas of Development

Overview

View of Human Nature

Rogers’s Motivational Theory

The Development of the Regard Complex

Exercise 7.1: What Is Unconditional Positive Regard?

Case Illustration 7.1: Y-Chun Through the Lens of Client-Centered Theory

Characteristics and Assumptions

Use With Diagnostic Groups, Age Groups, and Diverse Populations

Case Illustration 7.2: The Journey From James to Jamie

Strengths and Limitations

Research Supporting Constructs and Practices

Professional Identity

Therapeutic Process and Applications

Therapeutic Goals

Change Process

Client Factors

Relationship Factors

Exercise 7.2: Implementing the Attitudes

Interventions

Conclusion

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

8 Gestalt Therapy

Introduction

Historical Background

Profile of Main Figures

Overview of the Gestalt Approach

Human Nature

Basic Characteristics and Assumptions

Exercise 8.1 Self-Awareness

Acceptance

Authenticity

The Here and Now and Being Present

Exercise 8.2 Being in the Moment

Figure and Ground

Cycle of Experience

Case Illustration 8.1 Tom

Resistances

Case Illustration 8.2 Empty Chair

Research and Supportive Evidence

Use With Diverse Populations

Strengths and Limitations

Therapeutic Goals

Therapeutic Process

Focus and Intentionality: Application to the Case of Y-Chun

Y-Chun Through the Lens of Gestalt Therapy

Middle Stage of the Counseling Process

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

9 Cognitive-Behavioral Theories

Profile of Main Figures

Behavior Theories

Cognitive Theories

Cognitive-Behavioral Theories

Introduction

Historical Background

Areas of Development

Rational Living Therapy

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Professional Identity

Overview of REBT

Case Illustration 9.1: The Car Accident

Exercise 9.1

View of Human Nature

Basic Characteristics and Assumptions

Case Illustration 9.2: Using the A-B-C-D-E Model to Think Rationally

Exercise 9.2

Research Supporting Theoretical Constructs and Interventions

Use With Diverse Populations and Children

Strengths and Limitations

The Therapeutic Process and Applications

Therapeutic Goals

Interventions

Assessment Strategies

Focus and Intentionality: Applying the Theory in Early, Middle, and Late Sessions

Y-Chun Through a CBT Lens

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

10 Behavior Theory

Introduction

Historical Background

Areas of Development

Overview of Behavior Theory

View of Human Nature

Basic Characteristics and Assumptions

Behavior as Learned

Focus on Overt Behavior

Case Illustration 10.1: Defining Goals: Scenario and Script

Exercise 10.1: Translating Personal Goals

Here-and-Now Focus

Value of Therapeutic Alliance

Use With Diverse Populations and Children

Strengths and Limitations

Overview of Professional Identity

Therapeutic Process and Application

The Use of Operant Strategies: Developing and Increasing Strength of Behavior

Case Illustration 10.2: Development of Behaviors

Strategies to Reduce or Eliminate a Behavior

Case Illustration 10.3: Reduction and Elimination of a Behavior

Replacement of Behaviors

Case Illustration 10.4: Replacement of a Behavior

Guided Practice

Case Illustration 10.5: Abdominal Breathing, Relaxation, and Counterconditioning Case and Script

Case and Script

Y-Chun Through the Lens of Behavior Theory

Assessments

Therapeutic Goals

Change Process

Interventions

Final Reflection

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

11 Reality Therapy

Choices

Introduction

Historical Background

Glasser and the Development of Reality Therapy

Basic Needs in Reality Therapy (View of Human Nature)

Case Illustration 11.1: Graduation

Current Trends in Reality Therapy

Support for the Use of Reality Therapy/Choice Theory

Evidence-Based Support for Reality Therapy/Choice Theory

Use With Diverse Populations and Children

Strengths

Limitations

Professional Identity and Overview of Reality Therapy: Why Use Reality Therapy

Exercise 11.1: Reality Therapy and You

Therapeutic Process and Application

Choice Theory Constructs

Choice Theory and Schools

Case Illustration 11.2: Sulli

Wubbolding’s Description of Choice Theory (The WDEP System)

Case Illustration 11.3: The WDEP System

Y-Chun Through the Lens of Reality Therapy

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

12 Solution-Focused Therapy

Profile of Main Figures

Introduction to Solution-Focused Therapy

Historical Background

Areas of Development

Professional Identity

Exercise 12.1: Reflecting on Personal Views

Exercise 12.2: Thinking About the Solution-Focused Approach

Overview of Solution-Focused Therapy

View of Human Nature

Research Supporting Theoretical Constructs and Interventions

Use With Diagnostic Groups, Children, and Diverse Populations

Diagnostic Groups

Children

Multicultural Groups

Strengths and Limitations

Strengths

Limitations

The Therapeutic Process and Applications

Therapeutic Goals

Change Process

Interventions

First-Session Task

Miracle Question

Exercise 12.3: The Miracle Question

Scaling Questions

Exercise 12.4: Scaling Question

Coping Questions

Exceptions

Exercise 12.5: Exception Questions

Fast-Forward Questions

Using Solution-Focused Language

Using the Client’s Language

Relationship Questions

Compliments

Normalizing

Assessment Strategies

Focus and Intentionality

Y-Chun Through a Solution-Focused Lens

Stage 1: Joining With the Client

Stage 2: Describing the Problem

Stage 3: Goal Setting and Future Orientation

Stage 4: Break and Ending the Session

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

13 Relational-Cultural Theory in the Context of Feminism

Introduction

Historical Background

Areas of Development

Overview of RCT

View of Human Nature

Basic Characteristics and Assumptions

Mutuality

Growth-Fostering Relationships and the Five “Good Things”

Cycle of Connection and Disconnection, Relational Paradox, and Condemned Isolation

Exercise 13.1: Felt Connection

Exercise 13.2: Corrective Emotional Experience/Moving Out of Disconnection

Relational Images, Controlling Images, and Relational Competence

Research and Supportive Evidence

Exercise 13.3: Controlling Images

Use With Diverse Populations

Marginalization, Power-Over, and Privilege

Application to Diverse Clientele

Limitations

The Therapeutic Process

Theory-Guided Case Conceptualization

Therapeutic Goals and Guiding Framework

Focus and Intentionality

Applying the Theory in Early Sessions

Applying the Theory in Middle Sessions

Applying the Theory in Late Sessions

Professional Identity

Y-Chun Through the Lens of a Relational-Cultural Counselor

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

14 Family and Couples Therapy

Introduction

Historical Background

Profiles of Main Figures

Nathan Ackerman

Alfred Adler

Gregory Bateson

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy

Murray Bowen

John Gottman

Jay Haley

Salvador Minuchin

Virginia Satir

Carl Whitaker

Areas of Development and Recent Trends

Professional Identity

Overview of Family and Couples Therapy

View of Human Nature

Basic Characteristics and Assumptions

Research Supporting Theoretical Constructs and Interventions

Use With Diverse Populations and Children

Strengths and Limitations

Strengths of Family and Couples Therapy

Limitations of Family and Couples Therapy

Therapeutic Process and Applications

Introduction

Therapeutic Goals

Change Process

Interventions

Ecomaps

Exercise 14.1: Ecomaps

Family Sculpting

Case Illustration 14.1: Family Sculpting

Genograms

Exercise 14.2: Genograms

Paradoxical Injunction

Reframing

Case Illustration 14.2: Paradoxical Injunction

Case Illustration 14.3: Reframing

Exercise 14.3: Reframing

Focus and Intentionality

Assessment Strategies

Y-Chun Through the Lens of Family/Couples Counseling

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

SECTION III: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE

15 Seeking Integration

Profile of Main Figures

Introduction to Psychotherapy Integration

Historical Background

Overview of Psychotherapy Integration

Common Factors

Assimilative Integration

Technical Eclecticism

Theoretical Integration

Multitheoretical Framework

Caveat Before Proceeding

View of Human Nature From a Transtheoretical Frame of Reference

Exercise 15.1: New Year’s Resolution

Case Illustration 15.1: Chris

Exercise 15.2: Assignment Procrastination

Exercise 15.3: Community Genogram

Basic Characteristics and Assumptions

Case Illustration 15.2: Small Steps

Research Supporting Theoretical Constructs and Interventions

Use With Diverse Populations and Children

Strengths and Limitations

Therapeutic Process and Application

Interventions and Change Process

Case Illustration 15.3: Dramatic Relief

Case Illustration 15.4: Self-Reevaluation

Y-Chun Through a Transtheoretical Lens

Assessment Strategies

Keystones

Professional Identity

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

References

16 East Meets West: Integration and Complementation

Overview

Western Philosophy/Psychology

Alchemy and Gnosticism (the Beginnings)

From Philosophy to Psychology

Exercise 16.1: Reflecting From a Western Perspective

Case Illustration 16.1 Susan

Eastern Psychology

An Overview

The Role of Eastern Religions and Philosophies

Comparison in Philosophies Between East and West

Case Illustration 16.2 Jin Jung

Human Nature: Collectivism and Naturalism

Exercise 16.2: Beliefs About Human Experience

Case Illustration 16.3 Confrontation

View of Mental Health

Therapeutic Process and Application

Goals of Counseling

The Therapeutic Process of Change

Interventions and Evaluations

Y-Chun Through a Cross-Cultural Lens

Professional Identity

Coming From a Western Orientation

Coming From an Eastern Orientation

Keystones

Reflections From the Contributor’s Chair

Additional Resources

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