Introduction to color imaging science 1st edition by Hsien Che Lee 9780511108952 0511108958

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ISBN 10: 0511108958
ISBN 13: 9780511108952
Author: Hsien Che Lee 

Colour imaging technology has become almost ubiquitous in modern life in the form of monitors, liquid crystal screens, colour printers, scanners, and digital cameras. This book is a comprehensive guide to the scientific and engineering principles of colour imaging. It covers the physics of light and colour, how the eye and physical devices capture colour images, how colour is measured and calibrated, and how images are processed. It stresses physical principles and includes a wealth of real-world examples. The book will be of value to scientists and engineers in the colour imaging industry and, with homework problems, can also be used as a text for graduate courses on colour imaging.

Introduction to color imaging science 1st Table of contents:

1 Introduction
1.1 What is color imaging science?
1.2 Overview of the book
1.2.1 Measurement of light and color
1.2.2 Optical image formation
1.2.3 In the eye of the beholder
1.2.4 Tools for color imaging
1.2.5 Color image acquisition and display
1.2.6 Image quality and image processing
1.3 The International System of Units (SI)
1.4 General bibliography and guide to the literatures
Radiometry and photometry
Color science
Human visual perception
Optics
Scene physics
Image science
Digital image processing
Color reproduction
Color imaging input/output devices
1.5 Problems

2 Light
2.1 What is light?
2.2 Wave trains of finite length
2.3 Coherence
2.3.1 Temporal coherence
2.3.2 Spatial coherence
2.4 Polarization
2.4.1 Representations of polarization
2.4.2 Stokes parameters
2.4.3 The Mueller matrix
2.4.4 The interference of polarized light
2.5 Problems

3 Radiometry
3.1 Concepts and definitions
Projected area Aproj
Solid angle
Intensity I
Radiance L
Radiant flux density W, irradiance E, and radiant exitance M
Lambertian sources
Radiant exposure
Reflectance Rho
Reflectance factor, transmittance factor, and radiance factor Beta
Responsivity (sensitivity) s
3.2 Spectral radiometry
3.3 The International Lighting Vocabulary
3.4 Radiance theorem
3.5 Integrating cavities
3.6 Blackbody radiation
3.6.1 Planck’s radiation law
3.6.2 Blackbody chromaticity loci of narrow-band systems
3.7 Problems

4 Photometry
4.1 Brightness matching and photometry
4.2 The spectral luminous efficiency functions
4.3 Photometric quantities
4.4 Photometry in imaging applications
4.4.1 Exposure value (EV)
4.4.2 Guide number
4.4.3 Additive system of photographic exposure (APEX)
4.5 Problems

5 Light–matter interaction
5.1 Light, energy, and electromagnetic waves
5.2 Physical properties of matter
5.3 Light and matter
5.3.1 Optical properties of matter
5.3.2 Light wave propagation in media
5.3.3 Optical dispersion in matter
Dispersion in gases
Dispersion in condensed matter without free electrons
Dispersion in metals as a special case
5.3.4 Quantum mechanics and optical dispersion
5.4 Light propagation across material boundaries
5.4.1 Reflection and refraction
Nonabsorbing media
Absorbing media
5.4.2 Scattering
5.4.3 Transmission and absorption
Where do the photons go?
5.4.4 Diffraction
5.5 Problems

6 Colorimetry
6.1 Colorimetry and its empirical foundations
6.2 The receptor-level theory of color matching
6.3 Color matching experiments
6.4 Transformation between two sets of primaries
6.5 The CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer (2°)
6.6 The CIE 1964 Supplementary Standard Colorimetric Observer (10°)
6.7 Calculation of tristimulus values
6.8 Some mathematical relations of colorimetric quantities
6.9 Cautions on the use of colorimetric data
6.10 Color differences and uniform color spaces
6.10.1 CIE 1976 UCS diagram
6.10.2 CIELUV color space
6.10.3 CIELAB color space
6.10.4 The CIE 1994 color-difference model (CIE94)
6.10.5 CIE2000 color-difference formula: CIEDE2000
6.11 CIE terms
6.12 The CIE standard light sources and illuminants
6.13 Illuminating and viewing conditions
6.14 The vector space formulation of color calculations
6.15 Applications of colorimetry
6.15.1 The NTSC color signals
6.15.2 Computer graphics
6.15.3 Digital color image processing
6.16 Default color space for electronic imaging: sRGB
6.17 Problems

7 Light sources
7.1 Natural sources
7.1.1 Sunlight and skylight
7.1.2 Moonlight
7.1.3 Starlight
7.2 Artificial sources: lamps
7.2.1 Incandescent lamps
7.2.2 Fluorescent lamps
7.2.3 Electronic flash lamps
7.2.4 Mercury lamps, sodium lamps, and metal halide lamps
7.2.5 Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
7.3 Color-rendering index
7.4 Problems

8 Scene physics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 General description of light reflection
8.2.1 The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)
8.2.2 Interface reflection
Scattering from “slightly rough” surfaces
Scattering from “very rough” surfaces
Comments on theoretical models and experimental data
8.2.3 Body reflection
The dichromatic reflection model
The Chandrasekhar–Wolff body reflection model for smooth surfaces
The Oren–Nayar body reflection model for rough surfaces
8.2.4 Empirical surface reflection models
8.3 Radiative transfer theory and colorant formulation
8.3.1 Transparent media
8.3.2 Turbid media
Many-flux theory
Four-flux theory
Kubelka–Munk theory: two-flux model
8.4 Causes of color
8.4.1 Selective absorption
8.4.2 Scattering
8.4.3 Interference
8.4.4 Dispersion
8.5 Common materials
8.5.1 Water
8.5.2 Metals
8.5.3 Minerals
8.5.4 Ceramics and cements
8.5.5 Glass
8.5.6 Polymers
8.5.7 Plants
8.5.8 Animals
8.5.9 Humans
Skin color
Hair color
Eye color
8.5.10 Pigments and dyes
8.5.11 Paints
8.5.12 Paper
8.5.13 Printing inks
8.6 Statistics of natural scenes
8.6.1 Colors tend to integrate to gray
8.6.2 Log luminance range is normally distributed
8.6.3 Log radiances tend to be normally distributed
8.6.4 Color variations span a low-dimensional space
8.6.5 Power spectra tend to fall off as (1/ f)n
8.7 Problems

9 Optical image formation
9.1 Geometrical and physical optics
9.2 The basis of geometrical optics
9.3 Projective geometry
9.4 The geometrical theory of optical imaging
Stigmatic (sharp) image
Maxwell’s theorem for an absolute instrument [125, pp. 153–156]
Carathéodory’s theorem [125, pp. 156–157]
Projective property of rotationally symmetric system
9.5 Conventions and terminology in optical imaging
9.6 Refraction at a spherical surface
9.6.1 On-axis imaging by a spherical surface
9.6.2 Off-axis imaging by a spherical surface
9.7 Matrix method for paraxial ray tracing
9.8 Matrix description of Gaussian optical imaging systems
9.9 Generalized ray tracing
9.10 Physical optics
9.10.1 Scalar and vector theories of diffraction
9.10.2 The field impulse response of an imaging system
9.10.3 The optical transfer function (OTF)
9.11 Problems

10 Lens aberrations and image irradiance
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Radiometry of imaging
10.2.1 On-axis image irradiances
10.2.2 Off-axis image irradiances
10.2.3 General image irradiances
10.3 Light distribution due to lens aberrations
10.3.1 Monochromatic aberrations
Spherical aberration
Astigmatism
Field curvature
Coma
Distortion
Defocus as wavefront aberration (wave optics)
Blur circle from defocus (geometrical optics)
Comparison of the defocus models from wave optics and geometrical optics
10.3.2 Depth of field
10.3.3 Sine condition
10.3.4 Chromatic aberration
10.4 Optical blur introduced by the camera
10.4.1 The real lens
10.4.2 The diaphragm
10.4.3 The shutter
The interlens shutter
The focal plane shutter
10.4.4 Effects of object motion
The interlens shutter
The focal plane shutter
10.5 Camera flare
10.6 Problems

11 Eye optics
11.1 Anatomy of the eye
11.2 Reduced eye and schematic eyes
11.3 Conversion between retinal distance and visual angle
11.4 Retinal illuminance
11.5 Depth of focus and depth of field
11.6 Focus error due to accommodation
11.7 Pupil size
11.8 Stiles?Crawford effect
11.9 Visual acuity
11.10 Measurements and empirical formulas of the eye MTF
11.11 Method of eye MTF calculation by van Meeteren
11.12 Problems

12 From retina to brain
12.1 The human visual system
12.2 The concepts of receptive field and channel
12.3 Parallel pathways and functional segregation
12.4 The retina
12.4.1 Photoreceptors: rods and cones
Photoreceptor response to light
The retina cone mosaic
Photoreceptor noise
Photoreceptor?s synapses with the other neurons
Cone?cone and rod?cone interaction
12.4.2 Horizontal cells
12.4.3 Bipolar cells
12.4.4 Amacrine cells
12.4.5 Ganglion cells
Photosensitive ganglion cells
12.5 Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
12.5.1 Color-opponent encoding
12.6 Visual areas in the human brain
12.6.1 Primary visual cortex
12.6.2 Other cortical areas
12.7 Visual perception and the parallel neural pathways
12.8 Problems

13 Visual psychophysics
13.1 Psychophysical measurements
13.1.1 Measurement scales
13.1.2 Psychometric methods
13.1.3 Data interpretation
Cautions in using psychophysical data
Physical and psychophysical variables of visual measurements
13.2 Visual thresholds
13.2.1 Absolute thresholds
13.2.2 Contrast thresholds
13.2.3 Contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs)
Luminance CSF
Chrominance CSF
13.2.4 Photochromatic interval
13.2.5 Thresholds of visual blur
13.3 Visual adaptation
13.3.1 Achromatic adaptation
13.3.2 Chromatic adaptation
13.4 Eye movements and visual perception
13.5 Perception of brightness and lightness
13.5.1 Brightness perception of a uniform visual field (ganzfeld)
13.5.2 Brightness perception of an isolated finite uniform area
13.5.3 Brightness perception of two adjacent uniform areas
13.5.4 Brightness and lightness perception depends on the perceived spatial layout
13.6 Trichromatic and opponent-process theories
13.7 Some visual phenomena
13.7.1 Brilliance as a separate perceptual attribute
13.7.2 Simultaneous perception of illumination and objects
13.7.3 Afterimages
13.7.4 The Mach band
13.7.5 The Chevreul effect
13.7.6 Hermann?Hering grids
13.7.7 The Craik?O?Brien?Cornsweet effect
13.7.8 Simultaneous contrast and successive contrast
13.7.9 Assimilation
13.7.10 Subjective (illusory) contours
13.7.11 The Bezold?Br?cke effect
13.7.12 The Helmholtz?Kohlrausch effect
13.7.13 The Abney effect
13.7.14 The McCollough effect
13.7.15 The Stiles?Crawford effect
13.7.16 Small field tritanopia
13.7.17 The oblique effect
13.8 Problems

14 Color order systems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Ostwald system
14.2.1 The Ostwald color order system
14.2.2 The Ostwald color atlas
14.3 The Munsell system
14.3.1 The Munsell color order system
14.3.2 The Munsell color atlas
14.4 The NCS
14.4.1 The NCS color order system
14.4.2 The NCS color atlas
14.5 The Optical Society of America (OSA) color system
14.5.1 The OSA color order system
14.5.2 The OSA color atlas
14.6 Color harmony
14.7 Problems

15 Color measurement
15.1 Spectral measurements
15.1.1 Spectroradiometer
15.1.2 Spectrophotometer
15.1.3 Factors to consider
15.2 Gonioreflectometers
15.3 Measurements with colorimetric filters
15.4 Computation of tristimulus values from spectral data
15.5 Density measurements
15.5.1 Reflection density, Dp and DR
Reflection geometry
System spectral responses
Sample backing material
15.5.2 Transmission density
Transmission geometry
System spectral responses
15.6 Error analysis in calibration measurements
15.6.1 Error estimation
15.6.2 Propagation of errors
15.7 Expression of measurement uncertainty
15.8 Problems

16 Device calibration
16.1 Colorimetric calibration
16.1.1 Input calibration
16.1.2 Output calibration
16.1.3 Device model versus lookup tables
16.2 Computational tools for calibration
16.2.1 Interpolation
Univariate interpolation
Piecewise polynomial interpolation
Spline interpolation
Multivariate interpolation
16.2.2 Tetrahedral interpolation
16.2.3 Regression and approximation
Linear regression
Nonlinear regression
Robust regression
16.2.4 Constrained optimization
16.3 Spatial calibration
16.3.1 Resolution calibration
16.3.2 Line fitting on a digital image
16.4 Problems

17 Tone reproduction
17.1 Introduction
17.2 TRCs
17.3 The concept of reference white
17.4 Experimental studies of tone reproduction
17.4.1 Best tone reproduction depends on scene contents
17.4.2 Best tone reproduction depends on luminance levels
17.4.3 Best tone reproduction depends on viewing surrounds
17.4.4 Best tone reproduction renders good black
17.5 Tone reproduction criteria
17.5.1 Reproducing relative luminance
17.5.2 Reproducing relative brightness
17.5.3 Reproducing visual contrast
17.5.4 Reproducing maximum visible details
17.5.5 Preferred tone reproduction
17.6 Density balance in tone reproduction
17.7 Tone reproduction processes
17.8 Flare correction
17.9 Gamma correction
17.10 Problems

18 Color reproduction
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Additive and subtractive color reproduction
18.3 Objectives of color reproduction
18.3.1 Appearance color reproduction
18.3.2 Preferred color reproduction
18.4 Psychophysical considerations
18.4.1 The effect of the adaptation state
18.4.2 The effect of viewing surrounds
18.4.3 The effect of the method of presentation
18.5 Color balance
18.5.1 Problem formulations
18.5.2 Color cues
18.5.3 Color balance algorithms
The integration-to-gray algorithm and its photofinishing applications
The retinex algorithm
The chromaticity convergence algorithms
The gamut mapping algorithms
Bayesian estimation and the color by correlation algorithms
18.6 Color appearance models
18.6.1 Color appearance attributes
18.6.2 Descriptions of the stimuli and the visual field
18.6.3 CIECAM97s
18.6.4 CIECAM02 and revision of CIECAM97s
18.7 Theoretical color gamut
18.8 Color gamut mapping
18.8.1 Selection of color space and metrics
18.8.2 Computing the device color gamut
18.8.3 Image-independent methods for color gamut mapping
18.9 Using more than three color channels
18.10 Color management systems
18.11 Problems

19 Color image acquisition
19.1 General considerations for system design and evaluation
19.1.1 Considerations for input spectral responsivities
19.1.2 Calibration, linearity, signal shaping, and quantization
19.1.3 Dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio
19.2 Photographic films
19.2.1 The structure of a black-and-white film
19.2.2 The latent image
19.2.3 Film processing
19.2.4 Color photography
19.2.5 Subtractive color reproduction in photography
19.2.6 Color masking
19.2.7 Sensitometry and densitometry
19.3 Color images digitized from photographic films
19.3.1 The effective exposure MTF approach
19.3.2 The nonlinear model approach
19.3.3 Interimage effects
19.4 Film calibration
19.5 Solid-state sensors and CCD cameras
19.5.1 CCD devices
19.5.2 CCD sensor architectures
19.5.3 CCD noise characteristics
Noise from photon statistics
Noise from the CCD array
Noise from the amplifiers
Noise from the analog-to-digital converter
Noise from the electrical interference
Photon transfer curve
19.5.4 CMOS sensors
CMOS sensor architecture
19.5.5 Exposure control for CCD and CMOS sensors
19.5.6 CCD/CMOS camera systems
19.5.7 CCD/CMOS camera calibrations
19.6 Scanners
19.6.1 Scanner performance and calibration
19.7 A worked example of 3 × 3 color correction matrix
Adjusting the scanner operating point
Dealing with scanner flare
Computing the scanner calibration lookup table
Computing the scanner color correction matrix
19.8 Problems

20 Color image display
20.1 CRT monitors
20.1.1 Cathode current as a function of drive voltage
20.1.2 Conversion of electron motion energy into light
20.1.3 CRT phosphors and cathodoluminescence
Phosphor intensity saturation
Phosphor and glass aging
20.1.4 CRT tone transfer curve
20.1.5 CRT colorimetry
CRT colorimetric calibration
CRT spatial calibration
20.2 LCDs
20.2.1 Properties of liquid crystals
20.2.2 The structures of LCDs and how they work
20.2.3 LCD calibration
20.3 PDPs
20.4 Electroluminescent displays
20.4.1 OLED and PLED
20.5 Printing technologies
20.5.1 Offset lithography
20.5.2 Letterpress
20.5.3 Gravure
20.5.4 Screen printing
20.5.5 Silver halide photography
Photographic papers
Color reversal films
20.5.6 Electrophotography (xerography)
20.5.7 Inkjet printing
20.5.8 Thermal printing
20.6 Half-toning
20.6.1 Photomechanical half-tone screens and screen angles
20.6.2 Screen ruling, addressability, resolution, and gray levels
20.6.3 Digital half-toning
Important factors to consider
Clustered-dot and dispersed-dot
Random dither
Ordered dither
Error diffusion
Color half-toning
Digital screen angles
20.7 Printer calibration
20.7.1 Calibration of RGB printers
20.7.2 Four-color printing
20.8 Problems

21 Image quality
21.1 Objective image quality evaluation
21.1.1 Detector efficiency
21.1.2 Spatial frequency analysis
21.1.3 Image noise
Noise power spectra
RMS noise and granularity
21.2 Subjective image quality evaluation
21.2.1 Contrast
21.2.2 Sharpness
21.2.3 Graininess and noise perception
21.2.4 Tonal reproduction
21.2.5 Color reproduction
21.2.6 Combined effects of different image attributes
21.2.7 Multi-dimensional modeling of image quality
21.3 Photographic space sampling
21.4 Factors to be considered in image quality evaluation
21.4.1 Observer screening
21.4.2 Planning of experiments
21.5 Image fidelity and difference evaluation
21.5.1 Perceptible color differences
21.5.2 Visible difference prediction
21.6 Problems

22 Basic concepts in color image processing
22.1 General considerations
22.2 Color spaces and signal representations
22.2.1 Signal characteristics
22.2.2 Noise statistics
22.2.3 System constraints
22.3 Color image segmentation
22.3.1 Color space for image segmentation
22.3.2 Comparison of linear and logarithmic spaces
22.3.3 Method for partitioning the color space
General outline of the method
22.3.4 The distance metric
Remarks
22.4 Color gradient
22.5 Color edge detection
22.5.1 Derivative of a color image
22.5.2 Statistics of noise in a boundary detector
22.5.3 Detection of a step boundary
Gradient amplitude
Gradient direction
22.6 Statistics of directional data
22.6.1 Representation and descriptive measures
22.6.2 Model distributions for directional data
22.7 Denoising

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