Inulin Type Fructans Functional Food Ingredients Modern Nutrition 1st Edition by Marcel Roberfroid ISBN 0849300592 978-0849300592
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ISBN 10: 0849300592
ISBN 13: 978-0849300592
Author: Marcel Roberfroid
Inulin and oligofructose are naturally occurring resistant carbohydrates that have a variety of uses as functional food ingredients. In addition to their role as prebiotics that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines, these inulin-type fructans act as dietary fiber in the digestive system and have applications as a sugar substitute and fat replacer.
Written by one of the leading researchers in the field, Inulin-Type Fructans: Functional Food Ingredients describes inulin-type fructans and explains how they can be analyzed, quantified, and used in a wide variety of food products. The text evaluates the nutritional properties of inulin-type fructans, focusing on their behavior in the upper gastrointestinal tract that have led to their classification as dietary fiber and low calorie carbohydrates. Following a review of the selective and beneficial modification of the intestinal microflora that led to the discovery of prebiotics, the book concentrates on the relationship of inulin and oligofructose to lipid metabolism, carcinogenesis, mineral absorption, and the immune system. The text concludes with a general discussion of the classification of inulin-type fructans as functional food ingredients.
Each chapter begins with background information on the physiology and biochemistry of the particular function covered as well as on the methodology used to assess these functions, and concludes with a summary of the results and perspectives on future development. The combination of authoritative research data and insightful perspectives provides a comprehensive overview of this growing field.
Inulin Type Fructans Functional Food Ingredients Modern Nutrition 1st Table of contents:
Part I Introduction
1 Functional Foods and Claims: Concepts, Strategy of Development, Requirements for the Scientific Substantiation of Claims, and Communication with Consumers
1.1 Nutrition in the 20Th Century: From Prevention Of Deficiencies To Reduction Of Risk Due To Excessive Consumption Of Nutrients
1.2 Nutrition at the Turn of the 21St Century: New Challenges
1.3 The Concept of Optimum Nutrition
1.3.1 Functional Food: A Nutrition Concept
1.3.2 Functional Food: A Consensus of the European Scientific Community
1.3.3 The Strategy for Functional Food Development
1.3.4 Type A and Type B Claims
1.3.5 The Communication Challenge
1.3.6 Communication on the Functional Effects of a Prebiotic: An Example
1.3.7 Perspectives in Functional Food Development and the Case of the Prebiotics
References
2 The Gastrointestinal System: A Major Target for Functional Foods
2.1 The Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal system1
2.2 The Digestive Functions
2.2.1 Digestion and Fermentation
2.2.1.1 The Oral Cavity
2.2.1.2 The Stomach
2.2.1.3 Exocrine Pancreas, the Bile, and the Small Intestine
2.2.1.4 The Large Bowel and Colonic Microflora78
2.2.2 The Absorption1,6
2.2.3 Excretion8
2.2.4 Motility5 ’6
2.3 Endocrinology: Peptide Hormones5
2.4 Defense Mechanisms21 ’22
References
Part II Inulin: Origin, Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technological Properties
3 Inulin: A Fructan
3.1 Fructans
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.2 Chemistry of Linear, Branched, and Cyclic Fructans
3.1.3 Biochemistry: The Biosynthetic Pathways of Fructans
3.1.4 Natural Occurrence of Fructans
3.1.4.1 Occurrence of Fructans in Plants1011
3.1.4.2 Occurrence of Fructans in Fungi10
3.1.4.3 occurrence of Fructans in Bacteria10
3.2 Inulin
3.2.1 History of Inulin4
3.2.2 Chemistry and Biochemistry of Inulin
3.2.3 Distribution of Inulin in Plants
3.2.4 Biological Functions of Inulin in Plants
3.3 Chicory Inulin
3.3.1 Description of Chicory Inulin
3.3.2 Nomenclature of Inulin
3.3.3 Industrial Production of Inulin and Oligofructose and Related Products
3.3.4 Technological Properties of Chicory Inulin and Oligofructose
3.3.5 Analytical Methodologies
Reference
4 The Digestive Functions: Inulin-Type Fructans as Nondigestible Oligosaccharides
4.1 Digestion of Carbohydrates in the Gastrointestinal Tract
4.1.1 Carbohydrate Hydrolysis in the Oral Cavity and the Stomach
4.1.2 Carbohydrate Hydrolysis in the Small Intestine
4.1.3 Methods to Study the Digestibility of Oligo- and Polysaccharides2
4.2 Absorption of Hexoses in the small Intestine
4.3 Inulin-Type Fructans as Nondigestible Oligosaccharides (Ndos)
4.3.1 Methodologies and Results
4.3.1.1 Linkage Analysis of Inulin-Type Fructans3
4.3.1.2 In Vitro Models To Demonstrate Resistance of Inulin-Type Fructans to Digestion
4.3.1.3 Rat Models to Demonstrate, In Vivo, the Resistance of Inulin-Type Fructans to Digestion
4.3.1.4 Human Models To Demonstrate, In Vivo, the Resistance of Inulin-Type Fructans to Digestion
4.3.1.5 Experimental and Human Data Demonstrating That Inulin-Type Fructans Resist Digestion
4.4. Inulin-Type Fructans as Nondigestible Oligosaccharides: Discussion and Conclusion
References
5 The Digestive Functions: Inulin-Type Fructans as Fermentable Carbohydrates
5.1 The Colon as a Fermenter
5.2 The Anaerobic Fermentation of Proteins
5.3 Anaerobic Fermentation of Carbohydrates
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Substrates of Colonic Carbohydrate Fermentation
5.3.3 Anaerobic Degradation of Carbohydrates during Colonic Fermentation
5.3.3.1 Hydrolysis of Oligo- and Polysaccharides
5.3.3.2 Catabolic Pathways of Carbohydrates in Colonic Microorganisms
5.3.3.3 Metabolic Pathways Transforming Pyruvate in Colonic Microorganisms
5.3.4 Overview of the Biochemistry of Production of Fermentation End Products by Human Colonic Microflora
5.3.4.1 The Concept of Healthy Colonic Microflora
5.3.4.2 Production of SCFAs
5.3.4.3 Production of Lactate
5.3.4.4 Production of Gases
5.3.4.5 Metabolism of H2
5.3.5 Methodologies for the Study of the Colonic Fermentation of Carbohydrate
5.3.5.1 Introduction
5.3.5.2 In Vitro Models to Study the Fermentation of Carbohydrates by the Colonic Microflora
5.3.5.3 In Vivo Models to Study the Fermentation of Carbohydrates by the Colonic Microflora
5.4 Anaerobic Fermentation of Inulin-Type Fructans
5.4.1 The Process of Fermentation: Results and Discussion
5.4.1.1 In Vitro Data
5.4.1.2 In Vivo Data
5.4.2 Side Effects of Fermentation of Inulin-Type Fructans
5.5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
6 The Digestive Functions: Inulin and Oligofructose as Dietary Fiber
6.1 Dietary Fiber: A Concept in Human Nutrition
6.1.1 History
6.1.2 Definition of Dietary Fiber
6.1.3 The Dietary Fiber Components
6.1.4 Analysis of Dietary Fiber
6.1.5 Physicochemical Properties of Dietary Fiber
6.1.6 Physiological Properties of Dietary Fiber: Their Effects on Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
6.1.6.1 Resistance to Digestion
6.1.6.2 Effects on Upper Gastrointestinal Functions
6.1.7 Physiological Properties of Dietary Fiber: Their Effects on the Large Bowel
6.1.7.1 Colonic Fermentation
6.1.7.2 Bowel Habit
6.2 Inulin and Oligofructose as Dietary Fiber
6.2.1 Inulin and Oligofructose, and the Concept of Dietary Fiber
6.2.2 Inulin and Oligofructose, and the Analysis of Dietary Fiber
6.2.3 Inulin and Oligofructose, and the Physicochemical Properties of Dietary Fiber
6.2.4 Inulin and Oligofructose, and the Effects of Dietary Fiber on the Gastrointestinal Tract
6.2.4.1 Resistance to Digestion
6.2.4.2 Inulin and Oligofructose, and Upper Gastrointestinal Functions
6.2.4.3 Colonic Fermentation of Inulin and Oligofructose
6.2.4.4 Inulin and Oligofructose, and Lower Gastrointestinal Functions
6.2.4.5 Effects of Inulin and Oligofructose on Bowel Habit
6.2.5 Conclusion
References
7 Inulin and Oligofructose as Low-Calorie Carbohydrates
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodologies to Assess Energy Value of Inulin-Type Fructans
7.3 Assessment of Energy Value of Inulin and Oligofructose: Results and Discussion
7.3.1 Stoichiometry of Metabolism by Bifidobacteria
7.3.2 Stoichiometry of Fermentation by Intestinal Microflora
7.3.3 Efficiency of Microbial Biomass Production
7.3.4 ATP Yield of the Metabolism of the Fermentation End Products by the Host
7.3.4.1 Absorption and Excretion of SCFAs and Lactate
7.3.4.2 Cellular Metabolism of SCFAs and Lactate and ATP Yield
7.4 Inulin and Oligofructose as Low-Calorie Carbohydrates: Conclusion
References
8 Inulin-Type Fructans and Gastrointestinal Functions: Conclusions and Perspectives
References*
9 Inulin-Type Fructans and the Modulation of the Intestinal Microflora: The Prebiotic Effect
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Concept of Colonic Health
9.1.2 Concept of Balanced Colonic Microflora
9.2 Prebiotics: Definition and Requirements for Scientific Substantiation
9.3 Methodologies for the Study of the Composition of the Gut Microflora
9.3.1 Culture on Selective Media
9.3.2 Molecular Methodologles9,18
9.3.2.1 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization22 23
9.3.2.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction
9.3.2.3 Direct Community Analysis
9.3.2.4 Denaturing or Temperature-Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
9.4 Inulin-Type Fructans Classify As Prebiotic: Scientific Substantiation
9.4.1 Experimental Evidence
9.4.1.1 In Vitro Data
9.4.1.2 In Vivo Data
9.4.2 Human Data
9.5 Inulin-Type Fructans As Prebiotics: Discussion And Perspectives
9.5.1 Qualitative Aspects of the Prebiotic Effect
9.5.2 Quantitative Aspects: The Prebiotic Index
9.5.3 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
10 Inulin-Type Fructans and the Intestinal Absorption of Minerals
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Physiology Of Calcium
10.2.1 Calcium Metabolism6
10.2.2 Calcium Intake and Bone Health
10.2.3 Calcium Requirements and Recommendations
10.2.4 Improving Calcium Intakes and Calcium Bioavailability in the Population18
10.3 The Physiology Of Magnesium68,69
10.3.1 Magnesium Metabolism
10.3.2 Magnesium Requirements and Recommendations
10.4 Methodologies For The Study Of Mineral Absorption And Bone Health
10.4.1 Methodologies for the Study of Ca and Mg Absorption
10.4.1.1 Metabolic Balance Studies
10.4.1.2 Tracer Studies
10.4.1.3 Kinetics of Urinary Ca Excretion
10.4.2 Methodologies for the Study of Bone Health
10.4.2.1 Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover391
10.4.2.2 Bone Mineral Mass and Density354 92
10.5 Inulin-Type Fructans: Mineral Absorption And Bone Health
10.5.1 Inulin-Type Fructans and Ca Absorption98
10.5.1.1 In Vitro Data
10.5.1.2 Animal Data
10.5.1.3 Human Data
10.5.2 Inulin-Type Fructans and Mg Absorption
10.5.2.1 Animal Data
10.5.2.2 Human Data
10.5.3 Inulin-Type Fructans and Bone Health
10.5.3.1 Bone Structure and Bone Quality
10.5.3.2 Bone Mineralization
10.5.3.3 Bone Density
10.5.3.4 Bone Turnover
10.6 Inulin-Type Fructans And Gastrointestinal Absorption Of Iron, Copper, Zinc, And Phosphate
10.6.1 Inulin-Type Fructans and Absorption of Iron
10.6.1.1 Animal Data
10.6.1.2 Human Data
10.6.2 Inulin-Type Fructans and the Absorption of Copper and Zinc
10.6.2.1 Animal Data
10.6.2.2 Human Data
10.6.3 Inulin-Type Fructans and Phosphate Absorption
10.7 inulin-type fructans — mineral absorption and bone health: discussion, perspectives, and conclusion
10.7.1 Protocols and Methodologies
10.7.2 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Absorption of Minerals
10.7.3 Mechanisms
10.7.4 Conclusion
References
11 Inulin-Type Fructans and the Homeostasis of Lipids
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biochemistry Of Lipid Metabolism 11.2.1 Metabolism of Triacylglycerols
11.2.2 Metabolism of Cholesterol and Lipoproteins2
11.2.3 Methodologies to Study Lipid Metabolism and Lipid Homeostasis
11.2.3.1 In Vivo Experiments
11.2.3.2 Ex Vivo Protocols
11.3 inulin-type fructans and lipid homeostasis
11.3.1 Animal Data
11.3.1.1 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Parameters in Healthy Experimental Animals Fed a Standard Diet
11.3.1.2 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Parameters in Healthy Experimental Animals Fed Hyperlipidemic Diets
11.3.1.3 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Parameters in Genetically Modified Animals Prone to Develop Obesity or Hypercholesterolemia
11.3.2 Human Data
11.3.2.1 Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Parameters in Normolipidemic Subjects
11.3.2.2 Effect of Inulin-Type Fructanson Lipid Parameters in (Slightly) Hyperlipidemic Subjects
11.3.2.3 Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Parameters in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetic (Niddm) Subjects
11.3.3 Mechanisms of the Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Homeostasis
11.4 Inulin-Type Fructans And Lipid Homeostasis: Discussion, Conclusion, And Perspectives
References
12 Inulin-Type Fructans and the Defense Functions of the Body
12.1 Introduction: The Defense Functions Of The Body
12.1.1 Innate Components of the Body’s Defense
12.1.2 Acquired Components of the Body’s Defense
12.2 Role Of The Gastrointestinal System In The Body’S Defense
12.2.1 Gastrointestinal Mucosa and Defense Functions: Generalities14,1s
12.2.1.1 Gastrointestinal Mucosa as a Barrier
12.2.1.2 Gastrointestinal Mucosa as a safeguard
12.2.2 Intestinal Microflora and the Gastrointestinal System in the Body’s Defense
12.2.3 The Gastrointestinal Mucosa and the Body’s Defense Functions: Specific Mechanisms
12.2.3.1 Defense Mechanisms in the Oral Cavity
12.2.3.2 Defense Mechanisms in the stomach
12.2.3.3 Defense Mechanisms in the Intestine
12.2.4 blomarkers of gastrointestinal defense Functions13 ’60
12.2.4.1 Biomarkers of Barrier Functions
12.2.4.2 Biomarkers of Safeguard Functions*
12.2.4.3 Indirect Measurements of Defense Functions
12.3 Nutrition And Gastrointestinal Defense Functions
12.3.1 Dietary Fiber and Immune Function
12.3.1.1 Effects of Fermentable Dietary Fibers on Immune Functions
12.3.1.2 Mechanisms of the Effects of Fermentable Fibers on Immune Functions
12.3.2 Probiotics, Immune Functions, and the Risk of Immune-Associated Diseases
12.3.2.1 Effects of Probiotics on Immune Functions
12.3.2.2 Mechanisms of the Effects of Probiotics on Immune Functions
12.3.2.3 Probiotics and Disease Risk Associated with Dysfunctional Gastrointestinal Defenses
12.4 Inulin-Type Fructans And The Gastrointestinal System’S Defense Functions
12.4.1 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Barrier Functions
12.4.1.1 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Intestinal Epithelia
12.4.1.2 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Colonization Resistance and Translocation of Microorganisms
12.4.1.3 Effects on Chemical Safeguard Functions
12.4.1.4 Effects on Enzymatic Safeguard Functions
12.4.1.5 Effects on Immune Defense Functions
12.4.2 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on the Risk of Diseases Related to Dysfunction of Gastrointestinal Defense Functions
12.4.2.1 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on the Risk of Traveler’s Diarrhea
12.4.2.2 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on the Risk of Irritable Bowel Diseases (Ibd)
12.4.2.3 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Risk of Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
12.4.2.4 Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Risk of Colon Cancer
12.5 inulin-type fructans and systemic defense functions
12.5.1 Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Risk of Systemic Infection
12.5.2 Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Risk of Chemically Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis
12.5.3 Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Growth of Implanted Tumors
12.5.4 Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Metastasis
12.5.5 Inulin-Type Fructans and the Potentiation of Cancer Therapy
12.6 Inulin-type fructans and defense functions: overview, discussion, and perspectives
References
13 General Discussion, Perspectives, and Conclusions
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General Discussion
13.2.1 Inulin-Type Fructans and the Functional Food Concept
13.2.2 Inulin-Type Fructans: Health and Well-Being
13.2.3 Inulin-Type Fructans and Specific Food Applications
13.2.3.1 Inulin-Type Fructans and Infant Formulas
13.2.3.2 Inulin-Type Fructans and Feed for Domestic Animals and Pets
13.3 Conclusions And Perspectives
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