Phosphoric Acid Purification Uses Technology and Economics 1st Edition by Rodney Gilmour ISBN 1138077410 978-1138077416

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ISBN 10: 1138077410
ISBN 13: 978-1138077416
Author:  Rodney Gilmour

The rise and rationalization of the industrial phosphates industry have gone hand in hand with the development and maturation of technologies to purify phosphoric acid. In the 1960s and 70s, driven by the exponential sales growth of the detergent-builder sodium tripolyphosphate, chemical producers raced to develop processes that would provide a sufficiently pure phosphoric acid feedstock for manufacture to undercut thermal phosphoric acid made from phosphorus. As environmental and political pressure led to a collapse in demand for sodium tripolyphosphate in the 1990s, the commercial pressures to rationalize at plant and corporate levels rose such that only the fittest survived.

Phosphoric Acid: Purification, Uses, Technology, and Economics, the first and only book of its kind to be written on this topic, covers the development of purification technologies for phosphoric acid, especially solvent extraction, describing the more successful processes and setting this period in the historical context of the last 350 years. Individual chapters are devoted to the key derivative products which are still undergoing active development, as well as to sustainability and how to approach the commissioning of these plants. The text is aimed at students of chemistry, chemical engineering, business, and industrial history, and to new entrants to the industry.

Phosphoric Acid Purification Uses Technology and Economics 1st  Table of contents:

Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Industrial Phosphates Industry

1.1 History and Background

1.2 Chemistry and Process Overview

1.2.1 Introduction

1.2.2 Simplified Reaction Equations

1.2.3 Phosphorus

1.2.4 Phosphoric Acid

1.2.5 Fertilizers

1.2.6 Purified Phosphoric Acid

1.2.7 Derivative Phosphates

1.2.8 Phosphate Rock

1.2.9 Wet Process Acid

1.2.9.1 Mass Balance

1.2.9.2 Reaction Slurry Assumptions

1.2.9.3 Mass Balance Calculations

1.2.10 Thermal Acid

1.2.11 Kiln Process Acid (KPA)

1.3 Economics

1.3.1 Production Costs of Phosphorus And Phosphoric Acid

References

Chapter 2 Purification of Phosphoric Acid

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Chemical Purification

2.3 Solvent Extraction-Based Processes

2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.1.1 Dispersion and Coalescence

2.3.1.2 Solvent Selection

2.3.2 Pretreatment Processes: Desulfation

2.3.3 Crude Defluorination

2.3.4 Crude Dearsenication

2.4 Solvent Extraction Processes

2.4.1 Albright & Wilson Process

2.4.2 Budenheim Process

2.4.3 FMC Process

2.4.4 IMI Processes

2.4.5 Prayon Process

2.4.6 RhÔne–Poulenc Process

2.4.7 Other Processes Including Bateman (Wengfu) and Prado (AFB, Turkey)

2.5 Solvent Extraction Equipment

2.5.1 Davy Powergas Mixer Settler

2.5.2 IMI Mixer–Settler

2.5.3 KÜhni Column

2.5.3.1 Introduction

2.5.3.2 Scale-Up

2.5.3.3 Process Control

2.5.4 Bateman Pulsed Column [13]

2.6 Posttreatment

2.6.1 Solvent Stripping

2.6.2 Dearsenication

2.6.3 Decolorization

2.6.4 Concentration

2.6.5 Defluorination

2.7 Crystallization

2.7.1 Introduction

2.7.2 Freezing Point Curve of Phosphoric Acid

2.7.3 Crystallization Design Considerations

2.8 Membrane Separation

2.9 Purification Technology Comparison

References

Chapter 3 Polyphosphoric Acid

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Chemistry

3.3 Production Processes

3.3.1 Solid P2O5 Route

3.3.2 Thermal Route

3.3.3 Hot Gas Route

3.3.4 Electroheat Route

3.3.5 Microwave Route

3.4 Uses

3.4.1 Polyphosphoric Acid as a Reagent in Organic Chemistry

3.4.1.1 Cyclization Reactions

3.4.1.2 Rearrangements

3.4.1.3 Dehydration

3.4.1.4 Hydrolysis

3.4.1.5 Polymerization

3.4.2 SPA: Solid Phosphoric Acid Catalyst

3.4.3 Polyamide Yarns

3.4.4 Quinacridone Pigments

3.4.5 Modified Bitumens

References

Chapter 4 Sodium Phosphates

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Chemistry

4.2.1 sodium Orthophosphates

4.2.2 Sodium Pyrophosphates

4.2.3 sodium Polyphosphates

4.2.4 Vitreous Sodium Phosphates

4.3 Uses

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.2 Industrial Uses

4.3.2.1 Cements, Ceramics, Clay, and Drilling Fluids

4.3.2.2 Metal Finishing

4.3.2.3 Mining, Petroleum Products, and Refining

4.3.2.4 Plastics and Rubber

4.3.2.5 Pulp and Paper

4.3.2.6 Water Treatment

4.3.2.7 Textiles

4.3.3 Food Uses

4.3.3.1 Baking and Leavening

4.3.3.2 Cereals

4.3.3.3 Meat, Poultry, and Seafood

4.4 Production Processes

4.4.1 Sodium Sources

4.4.2 Neutralization

4.4.2.1 Neutralization for Crystallization

4.4.2.2 Neutralization for Spray Drying

4.4.2.3 Dry Neutralization

4.4.3 Drying

4.4.4 Calcining

4.4.5 Hexameta

References

Chapter 5 Calcium Phosphates

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Chemistry of Calcium Orthophosphates

5.3 Chemistry of Calcium Pyrophosphates and Polyphosphates

5.4 Applications

5.4.1 Bakery Applications

5.4.1.1 Application Properties

5.4.2 Dental Applications

5.4.3 Nutritional Applications: Calcium-Fortified Beverages, Calcium Food Supplements

5.4.4 Pharmaceutical Applications: Excipients, Biocement, Synthetic Bone Ash

5.4.5 Other Applications: Flow Agent, Polystyrene Catalyst, Phosphors

5.4.6 Animal Feed Calcium Phosphates

5.5 Production Processes

5.5.1 Calcium Sources And Processing

5.5.2 Monocalcium Phosphate Processes

5.5.2.1 MCP Spray Drier Process

5.5.2.2 MCP/Coated MCP/CAPP Dry Mix Process

5.5.3 Dicalcium Phosphate Processes For Food, Pharmaceutical, Dental, And High-Purity Uses

5.5.4 Tricalcium Phosphate Processes For Food, Pharmaceutical, Dental, And High-Purity Uses

5.5.5 Animal Feed Calcium Phosphates

5.5.5.1 Animal Feed Grade DCP from Acidified Bones

5.5.5.2 Defluorinated Phosphate Rock

5.5.5.3 Animal Feed Grade DCP from WPA

5.5.5.4 Animal Feed Grade MCP and DCP Using Hydrochloric Acid

5.6 Economics

References

Chapter 6 Other Phosphates

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Aluminum Phosphates

6.3 Ammonium Phosphates

6.4 Potassium Phosphates

6.5 Lithium Phosphates

6.6 Magnesium Phosphates

References

Chapter 7 Sustainability, Safety, Health, and the Environment

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Phosphatic Resources

7.3 Manufacturing Processes

7.3.1 Environmental Aspects of PWA Processes

7.3.2 Environmental Aspects of Phosphate Salts Plants

7.3.3 Safety and Health Aspects of PWA and Phosphate Salts Plants

7.4 Phosphate Product Safety

7.4.1 Food Phosphates

7.4.2 Detergents

7.5 Recycling with the Industrial Phosphate Industry

References

Chapter 8 Commissioning

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Commissioning in General

8.3 Commissioning A Purified Acid Plant

8.3.1 Precommissioning

8.3.2 Commissioning Utilities

8.3.3 Water Trials

8.3.4 Chemical Trials

8.4 Commissioning A Phosphate Salt Plant

8.4.1 Precommissioning

8.4.2 Commissioning the Spray Drying System

8.4.3 Chemical Commissioning and Production

8.5 Commissioning Team

8.6 Conclusion

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