Principles of Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy 2nd Edition by E L Wolf ISBN 0199589496 9780199589494

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ISBN 10: 0199589496 
ISBN 13: 9780199589494
Author: E L Wolf

Electron tunnelling spectroscopy is a research tool which has strongly advanced understanding of superconductivity. With the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, STM, by Nobelists G. Binnig and H. Rohrer, beautiful images of atoms, rings of atoms and of exotic states in high temperature superconductors have appeared. Some of the most famous images of any kind, at this date, are STM topographs. This book explains the physics and the instrumentation behind the advances illustrated in the famous images, and summarizes the state of knowledge that has resulted. It presents the current state of the art of tunneling- and scanning tunneling spectroscopies of atoms, molecules and especially superconductors. The first edition of Principles of Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy has been a standard reference for active researchers for many years. This second edition fully embraces the advances represented by the scanning tunnelling microscope and, especially, scanning tunnelling spectroscopy. Stunning images of single atoms and spectral images of impurity states in high temperature superconductors will set this volume apart from its predecessor. The background and current status are provided for applications of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy to single atoms and molecules, including determination of bonding energies and vibrational frequencies. The applications to high temperature superconductivity are carefully introduced and the current status is described. A new section covers the astounding advances in instrumentation, which now routinely provide atomic resolution, and, in addition, developments in imaging and image processing, such as Fourier Transform Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy.

Principles of Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy 2nd Table of contents:

1 Introduction
1.1 Concepts of quantum mechanical tunneling
1.2 Occurrence of tunneling phenomena
1.3 Electron tunneling in solid-state structures
1.4 Superconducting (quasiparticle) and Josephson (pair) tunneling
1.5 Tunneling spectroscopies
1.6 The scanning tunneling microscope (STM): spectroscopic images
1.7 Atomic spatial resolution in the scanning tunneling microscope
1.8 Density of electron states (DOS) measurement in STM: STS
1.9 Perspective, scope, and organization
2 Tunneling in normal-state structures: I
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Calculational methods and models
2.2.1 Stationary-state calculations
2.2.2 Transfer Hamiltonian calculations
2.2.3 Ideal barrier transmission
2.3 Basic junction types
2.3.1 Metal–insulator–metal junctions
2.3.2 Metal–insulator–semiconductor junctions
2.3.3 Schottky barrier junctions
2.3.4 pn junction (Esaki diode)—direct case and the Si–Ge diode
2.3.5 Vacuum tunneling
2.3.6 Vacuum tunneling from a spherical STM tip
2.4 Dependence of J(V) and G(V) on band structure and density of states
2.4.1 Fermi surface integrals
2.4.2 Prefactors: wavefunction matching at boundaries
2.5 Nonideal barrier transmission
2.5.1 Approach to ideal behavior
2.5.2 Resonant barrier levels
2.5.3 Two-step tunneling
2.5.4 Barrier interactions
2.6 Assisted tunneling processes
2.7 Comments on the time for tunneling
2.8 Resolution obtained from a scanning tunneling microscope tip
2.8.1 Tersoff and Hamann’s model of STM resolution
2.8.2 C. Julian Chen’s atomic model of STM resolution
3 Spectroscopy of the superconducting energy gap: quasiparticle and pair tunneling
3.1 Basic experiments of Giaever and Josephson tunneling
3.2 Superconductivity
3.3 Electron–phonon coupling and the BCS theory
3.3.1 The pair ground state
3.3.2 Elementary excitations of superconductors
3.3.3 Generalizations of BCS theory
3.4 Theory of quasiparticle and pair tunneling
3.5 Gap spectra of equilibrium BCS superconductors
3.6 Gap spectra in more general homogeneous equilibrium superconductor cases
3.6.1 Strong-coupling superconductors
3.6.2 Gap anisotropy
3.6.3 Multiple gaps, two-band superconductivity
3.6.4 Excess currents, subharmonic structure
3.6.5 Effects of magnetic field
3.6.6 Magnetic impurities
3.6.7 Pressure effects
3.6.8 Interactions with electromagnetic radiation
3.6.9 Superconducting fluctuations
3.7 Ultrathin-film and small-particle superconductors
3.8 Transition from tunnel junction to metallic contact
3.8.1 Model of Klapwijk, Blonder, and Tinkham
4 Conventional tunneling spectroscopy of strong-coupling superconductors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Eliashberg–Nambu strong-coupling theory of superconductivity
4.3 Tunneling density of states
4.4 Quantitative inversion for α2F(ω): test of Eliashberg theory
4.5 Extension to more general cases
4.5.1 Finite temperature
4.5.2 Anisotropy
4.5.3 Spin fluctuations
4.5.4 Electronic density-of-states variation
4.6 Limitations of the conventional method
5 Inhomogeneous superconductors: the superconducting proximity effect
5.1 Introduction: continuity of the pair wavefunction
5.2 Andreev reflection and specular SNS junctions
5.3 Survey of phenomena in proximity tunneling structures
5.4 Specular theory of tunneling into proximity structures
5.5 McMillan’s tunneling model of bilayers
5.6 The Usadel equations and diffusive SNS junctions
5.6.1 Reduction of Gor’kov’s equations by Eilenberger and Usadel
5.6.2 Application of reduced Gor’kov theory to tunneling problems
5.6.3 The experiment of Truscott and Dynes confirming the bound state in clean NS junctions
5.6.4 The experiment of le Sueur et al.: phase dependence of the density of states
5.6.5 Proximity effects in a ferromagnetic N layer, in an NS structure
5.7 Proximity electron tunneling spectroscopy (PETS)
5.8 Effects of elastic scattering in the N layer
5.9 Proximity corrections to conventional results
5.10 Further applications of proximity effect models
6 Superconducting phonon spectra and α2 F(ω)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 s–p band elements
6.3 Crystalline s–p band alloys and compounds
6.3.1 Crystalline s–p band alloy superconductors
6.3.2 s–p band compounds
6.4 Amorphous metals
6.5 Transition metals, alloys, and compounds
6.6 Extreme weak-coupling metals
6.7 Local-mode and resonance-mode superconductors
6.8 Systematics of superconductivity
6.9 Effects of external conditions and parameters on strong-coupling features
6.10 Eliashberg inversion of bismuthate and cuprate superconductor tunneling data
7 High-Tc electron-coupled superconductivity: cuprate and iron-based superconductors
7.1 The discovery of cuprate superconductivity by Bednorz and Muller
7.2 The Mott antiferromagnetic CuO2 insulator and its doping to a metal
7.2.1 Paired holes in copper oxide planes
7.2.2 Hubbard and t-J models in two dimensions
7.3 Hole-doped cuprates Bi2212 and YBCO
7.3.1 Phase diagram for superconductivity in hole-doped cuprate
7.3.2 Crystal structures of common cuprates: I
7.3.3 Early tunneling measurements on hole-doped superconductors
7.4 Crystal structures of common cuprates: II
7.4.1 Range of Tc vs. number of copper oxide planes
7.4.2 Disorder sites and doping of cuprate superconductors
7.4.3 Comments on disorder and inhomogeneity in STS images
7.5 Andreev-St. James tunneling spectroscopy
7.6 Experimental signatures of nodal superconductivity
7.6.1 Specific heat at transition
7.7 Josephson junctions in d-wave cases
7.8 Further examples of non-BCS superconductors
8 Tunneling in normal-state structures: II
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Final-state effects: I
8.2.1 Two-dimensional final states
8.2.2 Quantum size effects in metal films
8.2.3 Accumulation layers at semiconductor surfaces
8.2.4 Spin-polarized tunneling as a probe of ferromagnets
8.2.5 Julliere’s model of ferromagnetic tunnel junctions
8.2.6 Other bulk band structure effects
8.3 Assisted tunneling: threshold spectroscopies
8.3.1 Phonons
8.3.2 Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of molecular vibrations
8.3.3 Inelastic excitations of spin waves (magnons)
8.3.4 Inelastic excitation of surface and bulk plasmons
8.3.5 Light emission by inelastic tunneling
8.3.6 Spin-flip and Kondo scattering
8.3.7 Excitation of electronic transitions
8.4 Final-state effects: II
8.4.1 More general many-body theories of tunneling
8.4.2 Tunneling studies of electron correlation and localization in metallic systems
8.4.3 Phonon self-energy effects in degenerate semiconductors
8.4.4 Electron scattering in the Kondo ground state
8.5 Zero-bias anomalies
8.5.1 Giant resistance peak
8.5.2 Semiconductor conductance minima
8.5.3 Assorted maxima and minima in metals
8.5.4 The Giaever–Zeller resistance peak model
9 Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) of single atoms and molecules
9.1 Theory of observation of single atoms in STS and experiment
9.2 Friedel oscillations in 2-D surface state
9.2.1 Effect of surface state: inference of wavevector
9.2.2 Fourier-transform STM/STS
9.3 Quantum corrals
9.3.1 Elliptical corrals and focusing effects: quantum mirage
9.4 Pair-breaking single adatoms on superconductors
9.4.1 Mn and Cr on Pb
9.4.2 Zn impurity atoms imaged in cuprate planes
9.5 Spectroscopy of Kondo and spin-flip scattering
9.5.1 Introduction
9.5.2 Kondo spectroscopy of a single trapped electron
9.5.3 Spectroscopy of localized moments in Si:As Schottky junctions
9.5.4 Comparison of the two Kondo spectroscopy experiments
9.6 STM spectroscopy of magnetic adatoms
9.7 Molecules and their vibrational spectra
10 Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of superconducting cuprates and magnetic manganites
10.1 Gap imaging of optimally doped cuprates
10.1.1 Site dependence of apparent gap
10.1.2 Overdoped case
10.1.3 Anticorrelation of gap and zero-bias density of states
10.1.4 Internal proximity effect
10.2 Localized state at Zn impurity
10.3 Model for spectral distortions of noncuprate layers
10.4 Superlattice modulation in Bi2212
10.5 Fourier-transform STS (FT-STS) and application
10.6 Observations of charge ordering in cuprate superconductors
10.7 Relation of STS to angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES)
10.8 Evidence for electron-spin wave coupling
10.9 Colossal magnetoresistance: Mott transition in doped manganites
10.9.1 Introduction: mechanism of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR)
10.9.2 Pseudogap in manganite LSMO observed by ARPES
10.10 Relation of cuprates to ferromagnetic CMR manganites
11 Applications of barrier tunneling phenomena
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Josephson junction interferometers
11.3 SQUID detectors: the scanning SQUID microscope
11.3.1 Establishing d-wave nature of cuprate pairing
11.4 Josephson junction logic: rapid single-flux quantum devices
11.4.1 The single-flux quantum voltage pulse
11.4.2 Analog to digital conversion (ADC) using RSFQ logic
11.5 Detection of radiation
11.5.1 SIS detectors
11.5.2 Josephson effect detectors
11.5.3 Optical point-contact antennas (high-speed MIM junctions)
11.6 Tunnel-junction magnetoresistance sensors

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