(EBOOK PDF)Ramat Raḥel VI The Renewed Excavations by the Tel Aviv Heidelberg Expedition 2005 2010 The Babylonian Persian Pit 1st edition by Oded Lipschits, Liora Freud, Manfred Oeming, Yuval Gadot 9781646021789 1646021789 full chapters

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• ISBN 10:1646021789 

• ISBN 13:9781646021789

• Author:Oded Lipschits, Liora Freud, Manfred Oeming, Yuval Gadot

This is part of a three-volume final report of the renewed excavations at Ramat Raḥel by the Tel Aviv–Heidelberg Expedition (2005−2010). It presents the finds from the Babylonian-Persian pit, one of the most dramatic find-spots at Ramat Raḥel. The pit yielded a rich assemblage of pottery vessels and yhwd, lion, and sixth-century “private” stamp impressions, including, for the first time, complete restored stamped jars, jars bearing two handles stamped with different yhwd impressions, and jars bearing both lion and “private” stamp impressions on their bodies. Residue analysis was conducted on many of the vessels excavated from the pit to analyze their contents, yielding surprising results. The finds contribute to our understanding of the pottery of the Babylonian and early Persian periods (6th−5th centuries BCE) and to the study of the development of the stamped-jar administration in the province of Yehud under Babylonian and Persian rule.

Also available from Eisenbrauns: Ramat Raḥel III: Final Publication of Aharoni’’s Excavations at Ramat Raḥel (1954, 1959–1962) by Oded Lipschits, Yuval Gadot, and Liora Freud; and Ramat Raḥel IV: The Renewed Excavations by the Tel Aviv–Heidelberg Expedition (2005–2010): Stratigraphy and Architecture, by Oded Lipschits, Mandred Oeming, and Yuval Gadot.                                                                                                                                                 

Ramat Raḥel VI The Renewed Excavations by the Tel Aviv Heidelberg Expedition 2005 2010 The Babylonian Persian Pit 1st Table of contents:

INTRODUCTION THE “RIDDLE OF RAMAT RAḤEL” AND THE PROBLEM OF IDENTIFYING THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE BABYLONIAN AND EARLY PERSIAN PERIODS
(pp. 1-6)
INTRODUCTION THE “RIDDLE OF RAMAT RAḤEL” AND THE PROBLEM OF IDENTIFYING THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE BABYLONIAN AND EARLY PERSIAN PERIODS
(pp. 1-6)
Oded Lipschits
https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.4
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.4
From the very beginning of the excavations at Ramat Raḥel there was a contradiction between the dating of the palatial compound to the Iron Age, with its destruction in 586 BCE, and the presence of hundreds of lion-and yhwd-stamped jar handles, together with many other finds, dated mainly to the 6th–3rd centuries BCE, with no apparent architectural context. This is the well-known “Riddle of Ramat Raḥel” (Lipschits, Gadot and Langgut 2012).

Yohanan Aharoni, the first excavator at Ramat Raḥel, noted the many finds from the Persian period but expressed frustration at his inability to relate them to any notable…

CHAPTER 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATIONS
(pp. 7-14)
CHAPTER 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATIONS
(pp. 7-14)
Oded Lipschits, Yuval Gadot and Manfred Oeming
https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.5
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.5
The site of Ramat Raḥel is located midway between two of the country’s most celebrated cities—Jerusalem and Bethlehem. It is prominently perched on a peak at the crossroads of the ancient highway that led from Hebron to Beer-Sheba in the south and from Jerusalem to Beth Shemesh in the west, commanding traffic, trade and administrative tariffs throughout the land (Lipschits, Gadot and Oeming 2020c: 3–4).

In the summer of 1954, a very young Kibbutz Ramat Raḥel, established just below the ancient site, was about to embark upon one of its early engineering projects: construction of a water reservoir…

CHAPTER 2 THE EXCAVATION OF THE PIT
(pp. 15-20)
CHAPTER 2 THE EXCAVATION OF THE PIT
(pp. 15-20)
Oded Lipschits, Yuval Gadot, Liora Freud and Manfred Oeming
https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.6
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.6
Pit 13174, known as “the Babylonian-Persian Pit,” was perhaps the most dramatic find spot at Ramat Raḥel. Located in Area D1, in the southeastern part of the site, south of the modern water pool (Fig. 2.1), it was excavated in three consecutive four-week excavation seasons between 2008 and 2010 and in a focused one-week complementary study in 2011 (Bocher and Yehuda 2020: 183−188; Lipschits, Gadot and Oeming 2020: 481−483).¹

We first took notice of the pit in 2008, when we exposed Wall D12 (Fig. 2.2). As we began investigating the wall, we noticed that foundation Trench 13220 was filled with…

CHAPTER 3 STRATIGRAPHY
(pp. 21-27)
CHAPTER 3 STRATIGRAPHY
(pp. 21-27)
Efrat Bocher, Yuval Gadot and Oded Lipschits
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.7
Area D1, in the southeastern corner of Ramat Raḥel (Fig. 2.1), was selected for excavation because prior to the renewed excavations, it was one of the few as yet unexcavated parts of the site where it was hoped that a full stratigraphic sequence could be achieved.¹

Nine architectural phases, dating from periods as late as the Early Islamic era and as early as the Iron II, were discovered in the area. In contrast to the “classic” tell formation process, in the case of Area D1 all the remains were found one inside the other and older walls were, in most…

CHAPTER 4 THE POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE
(pp. 28-72)
CHAPTER 4 THE POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE
(pp. 28-72)
Liora Freud
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.8
This chapter presents and discusses all the complete vessels and most of the complete profiles of vessels found in Pit 13174. Although this assemblage may at first appear domestic in nature―it includes bowls, kraters, cooking pots, jugs, juglets, lamps and jars (Figs. 4.1–4.12)―a tremendous number of fourhandled yhwd jars was uncovered (Figs. 4.12–4.19), suggesting, perhaps, that the pit contained discarded vessels from a storeroom (see also below, Appendix 4.1, which lists all the incomplete and unrestored vessels from the pit).

The lengthy process of restoration (Chapter 2) revealed that the fragments of each of the large storage jars…

CHAPTER 5 ATTIC IMPORTS
(pp. 73-75)
CHAPTER 5 ATTIC IMPORTS
(pp. 73-75)
S. Rebecca Martin
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.9
Five sherds from three imported wine cups or cup-skyphoi were found in the Babylonian-Persian Pit at Ramat Raḥel, all made of the familiar reddish-yellow Athenian clay. One sherd, a lip fragment (Fig. 5.1:1), probably belongs to a Type C cup with concave lip. Its relatively flat bowl dates it late in the development of this type, ca. 480 BCE (Sparkes and Talcott 1970: 91−92; cf. 264, Nos. 412−413, Fig. 4, Pl. 19). Four of the sherds (Figs. 5.1:2−4) are decorated in a black-figure silhouette style, some with incision. Two fragments probably of the same cup or cup-skyphos (Fig. 5.1:2 –3)…

CHAPTER 6 LION STAMP IMPRESSIONS FROM THE BABYLONIAN PERIOD
(pp. 76-80)
CHAPTER 6 LION STAMP IMPRESSIONS FROM THE BABYLONIAN PERIOD
(pp. 76-80)
Oded Lipschits and Ido Koch
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.10
Aharoni reported the discovery of 47 lion stamp impressions in the course of his excavations at Ramat Raḥel;¹ in fact, he had found 52 (Lipschits and Koch 2016), fully published only a small number, and fleetingly mentioned a handful of others. Based on snippets of documentation of 29 lion stamp impressions, the photographs of 48 stamp impressions, and the actual finds located in various storages and museums, Lipschits and Koch (2016) were able to document in detail the majority of the lion stamp impressions discovered by Aharoni.

Twenty-one additional lion stamp impressions were unearthed in the renewed excavations conducted at…

CHAPTER 7 “PRIVATE” STAMP IMPRESSIONS FROM THE BABYLONIAN PERIOD
(pp. 81-95)
CHAPTER 7 “PRIVATE” STAMP IMPRESSIONS FROM THE BABYLONIAN PERIOD
(pp. 81-95)
Madadh Richey, David S. Vanderhooft and Oded Lipschits
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.11
Three Babylonian period stamp impressions were found in the Babylonian-Persian Pit. Two of them (stamp impressions 9765/1 and 9626/1) are identical and both were found along with a lion stamp impression on the body or shoulder of the same storage jar.¹ A third (9646/1) is indecipherable. Details of the three impressions are provided here. The paleographic and epigraphic discussion, the onomastic and lexical analysis, and the conclusions pertain to the first two stamp impressions. The chapter concludes with a general discussion of Aramaic paleography of the Imperial period in light of the “private” stamp impressions from the Babylonian-Persian Pit.

Reg….

CHAPTER 8 YHWD STAMP IMPRESSIONS
(pp. 96-116)
CHAPTER 8 YHWD STAMP IMPRESSIONS
(pp. 96-116)
Oded Lipschits and David S. Vanderhooft
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.12
Of the 33 yhwd stamp impressions found on storage-jar handles in the Babylonian-Persian Pit, 32 are securely identified by type (according to Lipschits and Vanderhooft’s 2011 typology), and one is catalogued as unidentified. One of the stamp impressions belongs to Type 4 (yhwd ḥnnh); 12 are of Type 6a, five are of Type 6b (bringing the total number of Type 6 handles to 17).¹ One stamp impression is of Type 7, four are of Type 10, one belongs to a newly identified type, 11b (Vanderhooft, Richey and Lipschits 2019), one belongs to Type 12a, one to Type 13h, two to…

CHAPTER 9 POTTER’S MARKS AND INCISIONS
(pp. 117-120)
CHAPTER 9 POTTER’S MARKS AND INCISIONS
(pp. 117-120)
Liora Freud
https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.13
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.13
Six handles bearing potter’s marks were found in the Babylonian-Persian Pit, all incised before firing. Four are X-shaped (Fig. 9.1:1–4), and two are rounded incisions (Fig. 9.1:5–6). The X-shaped incisions differ in depth and smoothness. Potter’s mark No. 1 was created with a rod that was pushed against the clay to form cross marks. Marks Nos. 2 and 4 were incised with a thin tool; a sharper tool was used for No. 3, in which the potter used more force, creating a deeper slash. The rounded incisions of Nos. 5 and 6 are asymmetrical and were formed freehand…

CHAPTER 10 ORGANIC CONTENT OF PERSIAN YHWD-STAMPED STORAGE JARS
(pp. 121-130)
CHAPTER 10 ORGANIC CONTENT OF PERSIAN YHWD-STAMPED STORAGE JARS
(pp. 121-130)
Dvory Namdar, Oded Lipschits, Liora Freud and Yuval Gadot
https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.14
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.14
The Babylonian-Persian Pit yielded a great number of restorable storage jars, some bearing stamp impressions on their handles or bodies. Typologically, there is no distinction between the jars that are stamped with a yhwd impression and those that are not. Storage jars, found by the thousands in the archaeological record, serve as testimony of what were once lively national and international commercial and administrative systems. Traded for their contents, the form of the jars had to fit the characteristics of the destined commodity, the mode of transportation and the need for quantity standardization. Jars traded through inland exchange systems and…

CHAPTER 11 ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIVE YEAST CELLS FROM A MEAD VESSEL
(pp. 131-141)
CHAPTER 11 ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIVE YEAST CELLS FROM A MEAD VESSEL
(pp. 131-141)
Tzemach Aouizerat, Itai Gutman, Yuval Gadot, Daniel Gelman, Amir Szitenberg, Elyashiv Drori, Ania Pinkus, Miriam Schoemann, Rachel Kaplan, Shunit Coppenhagen-Glazer, Oded Lipschits, Michael Klutstein and Ronen Hazan
https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.15
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.15
In this paper we present the results of the isolation and characterization of yeast samples from mead storage jars excavated from the Ramat Raḥel Babylonian-Persian Pit.¹ We identified the yeast by sequence analysis as Hyphopichia burtonii—a yeast that is also found in the contemporary yet traditional beverage, tej, an Ethiopian mead. We grew it in wort similar to the modern beer yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and produced a potable and tasty mead and beer.

Based on the hypothesis that yeast has the potential to survive for long periods of time within the nano-pores of clay vessels, we tested the possibility…

CHAPTER 12 THE FAUNAL REMAINS
(pp. 142-147)
CHAPTER 12 THE FAUNAL REMAINS
(pp. 142-147)
Deirdre N. Fulton
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.16
Ramat Raḥel faunal remains from the Persian period were recovered in Area D1, on the southeastern side of the site. While Persian period artifacts were found in previous excavations throughout the site, no collection or systematic analysis of the faunal remains has been published to date. The Persian period faunal collection is modest and comes entirely from Area D1. This one pit assemblage offers an important snapshot of a Judean highland site that functioned as an administrative center.

Earlier faunal publications of Ramat Raḥel focused on the Iron II, demonstrating the specific role that eating played in administrative space (Fulton…

CHAPTER 13 SYNTHESIS AND SUMMARY
(pp. 148-151)
CHAPTER 13 SYNTHESIS AND SUMMARY
(pp. 148-151)
Oded Lipschits, Liora Freud, Manfred Oeming and Yuval Gadot
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1mvw8jj.17
The Babylonian-Persian Pit is a late Iron Age, rock-cut refuse pit excavated during the renewed excavations at Ramat Raḥel. It developed from the lowered rock surface of an earlier subterranean room built in Phase D1-9. Although the walls and the floor of the earlier structure have not been found, the rock surface was flattened at an elevation of 816.20 m and this is probably the level at which the floor was laid, almost certainly at least 1.20 m lower than the level of the surrounding flattened bedrock. After the earlier structure had fallen out of use and its walls were…

 

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