Subalterns and Social Protest History from Below in the Middle East and North Africa 1st Edition by Stephanie Cronin 9781134098101 1134098103

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ISBN 10: 1134098103
ISBN 13: 9781134098101
Author: Stephanie Cronin 

The articles in this collection provide an alternative view of Middle Eastern history by focusing on the oppressed and the excluded, offering a challenge to the usual elite narratives. The collection is unique in its historical depth – ranging from the medieval period to the present – and its geographical reach, including Iran, the Ottoman Empire/Turkey, the Balkans, the Arab Middle East and North Africa. The first to focus on the oppressed and the excluded, and their differing strategies of survival, of negotiation, and of protest and resistance, the book covers: both major social classes and sectors the working class the peasantry the urban poor women marginal groups such as gypsies and slaves Based on perspectives drawn from the work of the great European social historians, and particularly inspired by Antonio Gramsci, the collection seeks to restore a sense of historical agency to subaltern classes in the region, and to uncover ‘the politics of the people’.

Subalterns and Social Protest History from Below in the Middle East and North Africa 1st Table of contents:

Part I The Urban Crowd and Popular Protest

1 Street Violence and Social Imagination in Late-Mamluk and Ottoman Damascus (c.1500–1800)

Not all crowds are alike

Late-Mamluk depictions of popular protest

“Ottoman” images of the crowd

Popular protest as deferential violence

Conclusion: crowds and a common culture

Notes

2 Women and Popular Protest Women’s demonstrations in nineteenth-century Iran

Conclusion

Notes

Part II Poor People’s Politics

3 Popular Protest, The Market and the State in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt

Introduction

Coal-heavers

Porters

Weighers and measurers

Cultivators

Elections pursued

Elections abolished

Conclusion

Notes

4 Workless Revolutionaries The unemployed movement in revolutionary Iran

Introduction: the revolution

The revolution and the unemployed

The onset

Campaigns in Tehran

The escalation of collective actions

The variety of street protests

Getting organized

Organizational necessity

The role of the mobilizers

The demise

Conclusion

Notes

5 Transforming the City from Below Shantytown dwellers and the fight for electricity in Casablanca

Legitimization rhetoric and conflicting contexts of interpretation

The State between acceptance of electricity piracy and resistance to formal electrification

Lydec: market forces and the right to profit

The shantytown dwellers’ discourse on rights

The radicalization of piracy: theft as an effective means of achieving integration into the electricity grid

Disconnection campaigns …

… that proved counterproductive: organized resistance in the shantytowns and the cycle of reprisals

Piracy turns professional

The conversion of the pirates: legalization of status, economic crisis and loss of prestige

The role of the local elected representatives

Conclusion

Notes

Part III Peasants and Nomads

6 Resisting the new State The rural poor, land and modernity in Iran, 1921–1941

Methods and theory

The agrarian structure

Struggles over property rights

Landlords, tenants and nomads

The Chahar Mahal movement

Rural ideology and consciousness

Migration and proletarianization

Pastoral nomads against khans

The 1929 tribal rebellion

Banditry as resistance

Law and petitions as resistance

Conclusion

Notes

Part IV Marginals and Outcasts

7 Probing the Margins Gypsies (Roma) in Ottoman society, c.1450–1600

Introduction

Literature review

Sources

Social marginality of Gypsies in Ottoman–Turkish society

Religious beliefs and stereotyping

Professions and social marginalization

The Ottoman state’s policy toward the Gypsies

Exclusion of Gypsies: the military institution

Taxation and resistance

Punishments

Conclusion

Notes

8 Emancipated Female Slaves in Algiers Marriage, property and social advancement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Sources and approaches

Slavery in Algiers

The emancipated slave woman

Social integration, financial advancement

Emancipated slaves and their relationship to property

Notes

Part V European Subalterns

9 “Making it” in Pre-Colonial Tunis Migration, work, and poverty in a Mediterranean port-city, c.1815–1870

Introduction

The structure of work in precolonial Tunisia, c.1830

From domestic slaves to domestic servants: palace and elite household service

Domestic service and harem visits, 1835 and 1844

The service sector outside of the Tunisian court

Down and out in Tunis: charity, poverty, and plague

Conclusions

Notes

10 Foreign Workers in Egypt 1882–1914 Subaltern or labour elite?

Definitional difficulties

Historical background

The anarchist movement

International unions

Union leadership

Cigarette workers and the international union

The labour press

The Free Popular University

An internationalist discourse

Conclusion

Notes

Part VI Subalterns and National Movements

11 From National Heroes to National Villains Bandits, pirates and the formation of modern Greece

Banditry in Ottoman-occupied Greek lands

Piracy in the Ottoman-occupied Greek lands

The role of bandits and pirates in the war for liberation (1821–1827)

Banditry and piracy during the rule of Kapodistrias (1827–1831)

Banditry and piracy during King Otto’s rule (1833–1862)

The role of irregular groups from 1863 to the early twentieth century

Epilogue

Notes

12 Seizing the Initiative, Regaining a Voice The Palestinian al-Aqsa intifada as a struggle of the marginalized

Introduction

Palestinian contemporary history: a working model

Historical background

The intifada of 1987 revisited

The Oslo negotiations and autonomy

Intifada 2000

Conclusion

Notes

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Subalterns,Social Protest,Stephanie Cronin