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The Spirit of Contradiction in Christianity and Buddhism 1st Edition by Hugh Nicholson 9780190455347 0190455349

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Author(s): Hugh Nicholson
ISBN(s): 9780190455347, 0190455349
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.50 MB
Year: 2016
Language: english
SKU: EB-50750292 Category: Tag:

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ISBN 10: 0190455349
ISBN 13: 9780190455347 
Author: Hugh Nicholson

The cognitive science of religion has shown that abstract religious concepts within many established religious traditions often fail to correspond to the beliefs of the vast majority of those religions’ adherents. And yet, while the cognitive approach to religion has explained why these “theologically correct” doctrines have difficulty taking root in popular religious thought, it is largely silent on the question of how they developed in the first place. Hugh Nicholson aims to fill this gap by arguing that such doctrines can be understood as developing out of social identity processes. He focuses on the historical development of the Christian doctrine of Consubstantiality, the claim that the Son is of the same substance as the Father, and the Buddhist doctrine of No-self, the claim that the personality is reducible to its impersonal physical and psychological constituents. Both doctrines are maximally counterintuitive, in the sense that they violate the default expectations that human beings spontaneously make about the basic categories of things in the world. Nicholson argues that that these doctrines were each the products of intra- and inter-religious rivalry, in which one faction tried to get the upper hand over its ingroup rivals by maximizing the contrast with the dominant outgroup. Thus the “pro-Nicene” theologians of the fourth century developed the concept of Consubstantiality in the context of an effort to maximize, against their “Arian” rivals, the contrast with Christianity’s archetypal “other,” Judaism. Similarly, the No-self doctrine stemmed from an effort to maximize, against the so-called Personalist schools of Buddhism, the contrast with Brahmanical Hinduism with its doctrine of an unchanging and eternal self. In this way, Nicholson shows how religious traditions, to the extent that their development is driven by social identity processes, can back themselves into doctrinal positions that they must then retrospectively justify.

The Spirit of Contradiction in Christianity and Buddhism 1st Table of contents:

1. Social Identity and the Development of Doctrine
The Cognitive Science of Religion
Theological Correctness
The Evolutionary Origins of Religion and Parochial Altruism
Social Identity Theory
Environmental Impact on the Doctrinal History of an Intellectual Tradition
Hegemonic Struggle and the Acceptance of Once-Extreme Positions
Consubstantiality
No-self
Theology as Rhetoric

Part 1: Christological Maximalism

2. An External History of Christological Development
Evolutionary and Developmental Theories of Christological Origins
Nicaea as a Christological Paradigm Shift
Christology, Christian Identity, and Judaism
The Upward Trajectory of Christological Development

3. From Messiah to Logos
Jesus as Messiah
Christological One-Upmanship in the Gospel of John
The Ascendency of Logos Christology: Justin Martyr

4. From Preexistent Word to Consubstantial Son: The Arian Controversy
The Conflict between Alexander and Arius
Nicaea and the Homoousios
Marcellus’s Denial of the Son—According to Eusebius
Marcellus and Athanasius
Athanasius’ Defense of the Homoousios
From Consubstantiality to Trinity
The Creed of Constantinople and the Exclusion of a Modalist Interpretation of Nicaea

Part 2: Buddhist Selflessness

5. Anattā in the Pali Canon
The Problem of the Self in Modern Buddhology
Discriminating Insight
The Unanswered Questions

6. Anātmavāda versus Pudgalavāda in Abhidharmic and Postcanonical Literature
The Kathāvatthu
The Milindapañha
Vasubandhu’s “Refutation of the Doctrine of the Person”
Śāntarakṣita’s “Examination of the Self Theorized by the Vāstīputrīyas” and Kamalaśīla’s Commentary Thereon
From No-Self to Emptiness

7. Theological Creativity and Doctrinal Constraint
Summary of the Preceding Chapters
The Spirit of Contradiction and Apophatic Discourse
The Trinitarian Vision of Reality
Dependent Origination as Emptiness
Theological Creativity and the Metaphorical Process

Notes
Bibliography

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