Visualizing Weather and Climate 1st Edition by Bruce Anderson, Alan Strahler 9781118308851 1118308859

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ISBN 10: 1118308859
ISBN 13: 9781118308851 
Author: Bruce Anderson, Alan Strahler

Visualizing Weather and Climate offers students a valuable opportunity to identify and connect the central issues of weather, climate, and the atmosphere through a visual approach. The text is organized around the premise that weather and climate are two interrelated and equally important influences upon environmental processes and human activity. As students explore the critical topics of weather and climate, their study of the role of the atmosphere is interwoven with the behavior of the oceans, land surfaces, ecosystems, and human activity. Visualizing Weather and Climate integrates visuals with text to elucidate concepts for students and solidify their understanding of them. The accessible format allows students to navigate through the material with greater ease.

Visualizing Weather and Climate 1st Table of contents:

1: Introducing Weather and Climate

Introducing Weather and Climate

Weather

Climate

Weather and Climate

Visualizing Weather and Climate

Graphs

Maps

Standard Measurements in Weather and Climate

 

2: The Earth’s Atmosphere

Composition of the Atmosphere

Radiatively and Chemically Inactive Gases

Radiatively and Chemically Active Gases

Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere

Ozone in the Lower Atmosphere

Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere

Troposphere

Stratosphere

The Ionosphere

Atmospheric Pressure and Density

How Air Pressure and Density Change with Altitude

The Ideal Gas Law

 

3: The Earth’s Global Energy Balance

Electromagnetic Radiation

Radiation and Temperature

Solar Radiation

Longwave Radiation from the Earth

The Global Radiation Balance

Geographic Variations in Energy Flow

Insolation Over the Globe

Net Radiation, Latitude, and the Energy Balance

Sensible and Latent Heat Transfer

The Global Energy System

Solar Energy Losses in the Atmosphere

Albedo

Counterradiation and the Greenhouse Effect

Global Energy Budgets of the Atmosphere and Surface

Climate and Global Change

 

4: Surface Temperature Global and Its Variation

The Earth’s Rotation and Orbit

Earth’s Rotation

The Earth’s Revolution Around the Sun

Solstice and Equinox

Variations in Insolation Over the Globe

Solar Heating of Land and Water

Air Temperature

Urban Heat Island

The Daily Cycle of Air Temperature

Daily Insolation and Net Radiation

Factors that Influence Daily Temperatures

The Annual Cycle of Air Temperature

Net Radiation and Temperature

Land and Water Contrasts

World Patterns of Air Temperature

Factors Controlling Air Temperature Patterns

Measurement of Air Temperature

Applications of Temperature Data

 

5: Atmospheric Moisture

Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation

Three States of Water

The Hydrosphere and the Hydrologic Cycle

The Hydrologic Cycle and Global Water Balance

Humidity

Specific Humidity

Saturation Specific Humidity

Relative Humidity

The Adiabatic Process

Dry Adiabatic Rate

Moist Adiabatic Rate

Clouds

Cloud Forms

Fog

Precipitation

Precipitation Processes

Types of Precipitation

Measuring Precipitation

 

6: Winds

Winds

Measurement of Wind

Winds and Pressure Gradients

Winds and Pressure Gradients

Pressure and Temperature Gradients

Local Winds

The Coriolis Effect and Winds Aloft

The Geostrophic Wind

Cyclones and Anticyclones in Upper Air

Winds at the Surface

Cyclones and Anticyclones at the Surface

Divergence and Convergence

 

7: Global Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation

Surface Winds

Global Wind and Pressure Patterns

Winds Aloft

Global Circulation at Upper Levels

Jet Streams and the Polar Front

Disturbances in the Jet Stream

Oceanic Circulation

Temperature Layers of the Oceans

Surface Currents

Deep Currents and Thermohaline Circulation

Heat and Moisture Transport

 

8: Midlatitude Weather Systems

Air Masses

Cold, Warm, and Occluded Fronts

Midlatitude Anticyclones and Cyclones

Anticyclones

Cyclones

Midlatitude Cyclones

Midlatitude Cyclones and Upper-Air Disturbances

Vorticity

Cyclone Tracks and Cyclone Families

Cold Air Outbreaks

 

9: Tropical Weather Systems

Tropical Cyclone Structure

Easterly Waves

Tropical Cyclones

Development and Movement of Tropical Cyclones

Tropical Cyclone Tracks

Impacts of Tropical Cyclones

Changes in Weather and Sea Level

Impacts on Coastal Communities

Changes in Tropical Cyclone Activity

 

10: Thunderstorms and Tornadoes

Thunderstorms

Air-Mass Thunderstorms

Mesoscale Convective Systems

Thunder and Lightning

Charge Separation

Thunder

Tornadoes

Tornado Characteristics

Tornado Development

Weather Conditions Leading to Tornado Formation

Tornado Alley

Tornado Destruction

Tornado Forecasting

 

11: The Global Scope of Climate

Factors Controlling Climate

Temperature and Precipitation Regimes

Temperature Regimes

Precipitation Regimes

Seasonality of Precipitation

Climate Classification

Overview of Climates

Dry and Moist Climates

Köppen Climate Classification System

 

12: Climates of the World

Low-Latitude Climates

Wet Equatorial Climate

The Trade-Wind Coastal Climate

The Wet-Dry Tropical Climate

Monsoon Climates

The Dry Tropical Climate

Midlatitude Climates

The Dry Subtropical Climate

Moist Subtropical Climate

The Mediterranean Climate

The Marine West-Coast Climate

Dry Midlatitude Climate

Moist Continental Climate

High-Latitude Climates

Boreal Forest Climate

Tundra Climate

The Ice Sheet Climate

 

13: Climate Variability

Annual to Centennial Climate Variations

Historical Record

Volcanoes

El Niño and La Niña

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

North Atlantic Oscillation

Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation

Millennial Climate Variations

Changes in Earth’s Rotation and Revolution

Climate Feedbacks

Longwave–Temperature Feedback

Water Vapor–Temperature Feedback

Ice–Albedo Feedback

Cloud–Cover Feedback

Biological Feedback

Ocean Feedback

Geological Feedback

 

14: Human Interaction with Weather and Climate

Severe Weather

Heat Waves

Cold Waves

Flooding

Severe Climate

Drought

Famine

Fire

Examples of Changes in Severe Weather

Shifts in Climate Regimes

Human Impact on Weather and Climate

Pollution

Land-Cover Change

 

15: Weather Forecasting and Numerical Modeling

Local and Synoptic Weather Forecasting

Local Weather Forecasting

Synoptic Weather Forecasting

Numerical Weather Forecasting

Visualization

Operational Weather Forecasting

Use of Synoptic Charts

Use of the Analog Method

Use of Numerical Forecasts

Use of Local Observations

Watches, Warnings, and Advisories

Validation

 

16: Human-Induced Climate Change and Climate Forecasting

Greenhouse Gases

Changing Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere

Sources and Sinks of Anthropogenic CO2

Residence Time

Future Emissions

Numerical Modeling

Ocean Models

Land-Surface Models

Modeling “Experiments”

Climate-Change Predictions

Global and Regional Temperature Forecasts

Global and Regional Precipitation Forecasts

Sea-Level Rise

Changes in Extreme Weather Events

Change in the Thermohaline Circulation

Other Impacts

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

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